( ) (α) kainic acid (hydrate)

(-)-(α)-Kainic Acid (hydrate) is a potent excitotoxic agent that can induce seizures. (-)-(α)-Kainic Acid (hydrate) is also an agonist of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate (Potassium citrate monohydrate) effectively inhibits stones formation and also inhibits HIF, and has antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor effects. Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate(Potassium citrate monohydrate) (Potassium citrate monohydrate) is the major active ingredient of Garcinia cambogia and a derivative of citric acid. Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate(Potassium citrate monohydrate) competitively inhibits ATP citrate lyase with weight loss benefits.

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase with an IC50 of 6 mM and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects.

rel-(2R,3S)-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid hydrate (meso-Tartaric acid monohydrate) occurs naturally in many plants, particularly grapes and tamarinds, and is one of the main acids found in wine. It is used as an antioxidant. Salts of tartaric acid are known as tartrates. Tartaric acid is a muscle toxin, which works by inhibiting the production of malic acid, and in high doses causes paralysis and death.

Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (Sodium taurocholate hydrate) is the product of conjugation of taurine with cholic acid. The sodium salt, the main ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals, is used as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

UDP-Glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. This compound can be used for the formation of many glucuronides with various aglycones.1 1.Green, M.D., and Tephly, T.R.Glucuronidation of amine substrates by purified and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase proteinsDrug Metab. Dispos.26(9)860-867(1998)

L-2-Phosphoglyceric acid disodium salt is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate.

Generates large inward currents at resting membrane potential

1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of the color additive pyranine.1It has been used to stabilize intermolecular interactions for the crystallization ofL. mexicanapyruvate kinase.2 1.Jitian, S., White, S.R., Yang, H.-H.W., et al.Conventional high-performance liquid chromatography versus derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of 1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt and 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt in the color additive D&C Green No. 8 (Pyranine)J. Chromatogr. A1324238-241(2014) 2.Morgan, H.P., McNae, I.W., Hsin, K.-Y., et al.An improved strategy for the crystallization of Leishmania mexicana pyruvate kinaseActa Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun.66(Pt 3)215-218(2010)

Ellagic acid (hydrate) is a natural antioxidant and acts as a potent and ATP-competitive CK2 inhibitor (IC50:40 nM, Ki: 20 nM).

Trt-PEG4-C2-acid (hydrate) is a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-derived linking moiety, specifically designed for the synthesis of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs).

L-Tartaric acid (L-(+)-Tartaric acid) sodium hydrate, an enantiomer of D-tartaric acid, is a white crystalline dicarboxylic acid prevalent in plants like grapes and a primary organic acid in wine. This compound, functioning as a flour bulking agent and food additive, interacts with sodium bicarbonate to generate carbon dioxide [1].

(R)-2-Amino-3-cyclohexylpropanoic acid hydrate(1:x) is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T66758 and the CAS number is 213178-94-0.

D-(+)-Galacturonic acid is one of the endogenous metabolites.

Glycocholic Acid is the product of conjugation of cholic acid with glycine. It is the chief ingredient of the bile of herbivorous animals.

Ibotenic acid hydrate is a neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to Kainic acid and Muscimol) found in Amanita mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.

Cacodylic acid, employed extensively in buffers for electron microscopy techniques and in introducing arsenic into proteins for single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) phasing in protein crystallography, has been found to elevate tumor formation risk in the bladder, kidney, liver, and thyroid gland of rats exposed to carcinogens, at concentrations starting from as low as 50 ppm for the bladder.

2-Amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid hydrochloride hydrate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T64500 and the CAS number is 116797-51-4.

(S)-2-Amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid hydrochloride hydrate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T66658 and the CAS number is 207121-46-8.

(R)-2-((tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-methylpentanoic acid hydrate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T67515 and the CAS number is 200937-17-3.

Hydroxypyruvic acid lithium hydrate is an intermediate in the metabolism of serine, glycine, and threonine. It is a substrate for serine-pyruvate aminotransferase and glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase.

(S)-2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-5-(tert-butoxy)-5-oxopentanoic acid hydrate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T66731 and the CAS number is 204251-24-1.

Simvastatin acid (Tenivastatin) calcium hydrate is an orally active inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Simvastatin acid calcium hydrate also inhibits indoxyl sulfate mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. This compound can be used for the formation of many glucuronides with various aglycones.1 1.Green, M.D., and Tephly, T.R.Glucuronidation of amine substrates by purified and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase proteinsDrug Metab. Dispos.26(9)860-867(1998)

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid is an oxidation product and a metabolite of tetrahydrofolate.1Levels of N-(4-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid are increased in the plasma of mice fed a high folic acid-containing diet.2 1.Reed, L.S., and Archer, M.C.Oxidation of tetrahydrofolic acid by airJ. Agric. Food Chem.28(4)801-805(1980) 2.Burton, M.A., Antoun, E., Penailillo, R.S., et al.Folic acid induces intake-related changes in the mammary tissue transcriptome of C57BL/6 miceNutrients12(9)2821(2020)

Folinic acid (Leucovorin) calcium hydrate is a biofolic acid often used as a rescue agent with methotrexate (MTX) to reduce MTX-induced toxicity.

In the CNS, Kainic acid is an effective agonist at excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes.

Yohimbic acid hydrate, an amphoteric demethylated derivative of Yohimbine, exhibits vasodilatory properties and is utilized in osteoarthritis (OA) research [1] [2] [3].

Kynurenic acid, an active metabolite of tryptophan, is synthesized through a kynurenine intermediate by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs). It acts as an antagonist of both NMDA and AMPA receptors, as well as α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs; EC50s = 235, 101, and 7 µM, respectively), and functions as an agonist for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35; EC50s = 1.4 and 39 µM, respectively). In a neonatal rat model of cerebral hypoxic-ischemia, induced by carotid artery ligation, administration of kynurenic acid at 300 mg/kg prevents weight loss in the lesioned hemisphere. Additionally, at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/ml, it protects against neurodegeneration in the rhabdomere of the eye in an Htt93QtransgenicDrosophila model of Huntington's disease. Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid have been observed in patients with schizophrenia.

2-((((9H-Fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)(methyl)amino)acetic acid hydrate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T66048 and the CAS number is 212651-47-3.

(S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid (lithium hydrate) represents a common metabolite found in human urine, with elevated levels observed in individuals suffering from succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency [1].

Cholic acid sodium hydrate, a primary bile acid synthesized in the liver and typically conjugated with glycine or taurine, plays a crucial role in facilitating fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. This compound is orally active [1] [2].

D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate is a potent β-glucuronidase inhibitor (IC50=48.4 μM). D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate possesses anticarcinogenic, detoxifying, and antioxidant properties[1][2].

2-Acetamido-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid hydrate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T64969.

(S)-2-((R)-2-Amino-4-methylpentanamido)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid hydrate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T65137 and the CAS number is 3303-29-5.

Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate (Sodium taurodeoxycholate monohydrate), a hydrophilic bile salt, on bile salt and biliary lipid secretion in the rat.