(s) gossypol (acetic acid)

(S)-Gossypol acetic acid is the isomer of a natural product Gossypol.

5-Methoxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-Methoxyindoleacetic acid) is a metabolite of Melatonin and is isolated from pineal tissue.

(S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (L-(+)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a normal human metabolite that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA in humans, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.

(S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid found in many sour foods, such as apples, and contributes to the sourness of green apples and tartness of wine, although its concentration decreases with fruit ripeness (wikipedia). In its ionized form, it is called malate, an intermediate in the TCA cycle alongside fumarate, and can be formed from pyruvate through anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is derived from food sources and synthesized in the body via the citric acid cycle in mitochondria, playing a crucial role in energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, providing reducing equivalents via the malate-aspartate redox shuttle, while during anaerobic conditions, its simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate removes excess reducing equivalents, reversing hypoxia’s inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. Studies on rats have shown that tissue malate depletes following exhaustive physical activity, suggesting that malic acid deficiency may cause physical exhaustion. Administering malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate, increasing mitochondrial respiration and energy production.

Gossypol acetic acid (AT101), a polyphenolic compound isolated from cottonseeds, binds with Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and does not inhibit BIR3 domain and BID.

(S)-2-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid (L-(−)-3-Phenyllactic acid) is a chiral aromatic compound involved in phenylalanine metabolism. It is likely produced from phenylpyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase. The D-form is derived from bacterial sources, while the L-form is endogenous. Phenyllactate levels are normally very low in blood or urine, but high levels indicate phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). PKU is due to a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), causing phenylalanine to convert to phenylpyruvic acid rather than tyrosine.

(S)-Leucic acid is an amino acid metabolite used as a muscle builder.

2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetic acid, a plasma metabolite, is highly sensitive and specific and can be used as a bioindicator to differentiate non-small cell carcinoma patients from healthy controls.

2-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid (3,5-Dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl acetic acid) is a marine derived natural products found in Ianthella quadrangulata.

6-Bromo-1H-indole-3-acetic acid methyl ester (Methyl 6-Bromoindole-3-acetate) is a marine derived natural products found in Pseudosuberites hyalinus.

(S)-Coriolic acid (13(S)-HODE) is an important intracellular signaling agent generated by the reaction of linoleic acid with plant and mammalian lipoxygenases. It is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in various biological systems and inhibits the adhesion of tumor cells to the vascular endothelium, while down-regulating IRGpIIb IIIa receptor expression at around 1 μM. Additionally, (S)-Coriolic acid is a metabolite of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and often acts as an endogenous ligand to activate PPARγ. It induces mitochondrial dysfunction and airway epithelial damage.

(S)-2-acetamido-4-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid (Nα-Acetyl-L-asparagine), also known as acasn, is an endogenous metabolite.

7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid [7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin] is a more suitable substrate for enteropeptidase compared to GD(4)K-NA.

(S)-β-aminoisobutyric acid is a non-protein amino acid derived from the catabolism of valine and thymine.

2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid (O-Toluric acid) is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. In certain cases, the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Methylhippuric acid is a metabolite of xylene which is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as a solvent.

(R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid (AT101 acetate), the R-(-) enantiomer of Gossypol acetic acid, binds with Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 with Ki values of 0.32 μM, 0.48 μM, and 0.18 μM, respectively; it does not inhibit the BIR3 domain or BID. [Phase 2]

(S)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropionic acid ((S)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid) (compound 1) is a metabolite found in the culture medium of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, exhibiting significant DPPH radical-scavenging and antioxidative activities.

(S)-2-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a natural product used in life sciences research, catalog number T65934, CAS number 3347-90-8.

Ganodermic acid S, as a membrane acting agent isolated from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum, exerts multiple effects on human platelet function.

S-30-Hydroxygambogic acid, a polyprenylated xanthone epimer isolated from the gamboges of Garcinia hanburyi, exhibits cytotoxicity against Human Leukemia K562 cell lines with IC50 values of 4.49 μM for K562/R and 3.61 μM for K562/S. This compound is utilized in cancer research [1].

Compound 29, 2-(3-Hydroxy-2-oxoindolin-3-yl)acetic acid, is a natural polyphenol found in hop bract [1].

5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) is a breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors (NCI).

(S)-2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)propanoic acid dihydrate (jodgorgon) results from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. During thyroid hormone biosynthesis, diiodotyrosine residues couple with either monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T3 or T4 thyroid hormones.

Dexamethasone exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.

2-Aminothiazol-4-acetic acid acts by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes and proteins related to inflammation, tumor growth and oxidative stress, and has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-fungal activities.

Imidazol-1-yl-acetic acid is a natural product used in life sciences research (Catalog No. T67657, CAS No. 22884-10-2).

(S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid is a human urinary metabolite.

Phenyl-ac-Gly-OH is an endogenous metabolite that activates β2AR and can be used in the study of ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury.