arachidonoyl-l-carnitine

Carnitine facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria to be used in fatty acid metabolism. It does so by accepting acyl groups from fatty acids complexed with coenzyme A, which yields esterified carnitine or acylcarnitines that enable the transport of fatty acyl groups into the inner mitochondrial matrix. β-Oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria is inhibited by uncoupling conditions, thus changes in circulating levels of various acylcarnitines have been used to identify alterations in metabolic state.[1] [2] Arachidonoyl-L-carnitine formed from carnitine conjugated to arachidonic acid .

Myristoyl-L-carnitine chloride (L-Myristoylcarnitine chloride) is one of the body's metabolites implicated in inherited metabolic disorders.Tetradecanoylcarnitine is a potential marker for the study of diabetes mellitus and autoimmune hepatitis.

Acetyl-L-carnitine(RO 447190) is an amino acid that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is often used as a dietary supplement for neuroinflammation.Acetyl-L-carnitine is neuroprotective and can be used in the study of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease.

Isobutyryl-L-carnitine is a member of the class of compounds known as acylcarnitines. Isobutyryl-L-carnitine is a product of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases.

Several different arachidonoyl amino acids, including N-arachidonoyl-L-alanine (NALA), have been isolated and characterized from bovine brain. The glycine congener (NAGly) was further characterized and found to suppress formalin-induced pain in rats. NALA may have activity at cannabinoid receptor and/or VR1, but has not been fully characterized to date.

Linoleoyl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring long-chain acylcarnitine. Hepatic levels of linoleoyl-L-carnitine are increased following high-dose (200 mg/kg) administration of isoniazid in mice.

Hexanoyl-L-carnitine is a medium-chain acylcarnitine. It has been used in the synthesis of acylcarnitine benzyl esters.1 1.Gong, X.-w., Li, J.-p., Wu, J.-f., et al.Synthesis of carnitine benzyl esters as prodrugsJ. Chem. Res.2008(6)327-330(2008)

Valeryl-L-carnitine is a short-chain acylcarnitine and a derivative of L-carnitine . Valeryl-L-carnitine levels increase in the serum of rhesus monkeys following exposure to 7 and 10 Gray units (Gy) of ionizing radiation.[1]

Decanoyl-L-carnitine is an ester derivative of L-carnitine . It increases the formation of C24 fatty acid intermediates, as well as docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in rat hepatocytes.

Heptanoyl-L-carnitine is a medium-chain acylcarnitine and derivative of L-carnitine .

[(3R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl]-L-carnitine is an endogenous metabolite[1]. [1]. Hunter WG, et al. Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Novel Circulating Biomarkers of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Differentially Elevated in Heart Failure With Preserved Versus Reduced Ejection Fraction: Evidence for Shared Metabolic Impairments in Clinical Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8):e003190. Published 2016 Jul 29.

trans-2-Hexadecenoyl-L-carnitine is an endogenous metabolite in urine[1]. [1]. Pengxiang She, et al. Leucine and protein metabolism in obese Zucker rats. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59443.

trans-2-Octenoyl-L-carnitine is a synthetic carnitine.1It has been used as a standard for the detection of carnitines in human urine. 1.Yang, S., Minkler, P., and Hoppel, C.cis-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine: Characterization and verification of the C8:1 acylcarnitine in human urineJ. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci.857(2)251-258(2007)

Isobutyryl-L-carnitine chloride is a product of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases [1] .

L-Carnitine (L(-)-Carnitine) is an amino acid derivative. L-Carnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain.

L-Carnitine-d3 Chloride is a deuterated compound of L-Carnitine Chloride.

Carnitine is a quaternary amine that occurs naturally in most mammalian tissue. Carnitine is present in relatively high concentrations in skeletal muscle and heart where it is involved in regulating energy metabolism. It has also been used to allow the en

Isovaleryl-L-carnitine-d9 HCl is a deuterated compound of Isovaleryl-L-carnitine HCl.

L-Carnitine-d9 is a deuterated compound of L-Carnitine. L-Carnitine has a CAS number of 541-15-1. L(-)-Carnitine is an amino acid derivative. L(-)-Carnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain.

Oleoyl-L-carnitine, a long-chain acylcarnitine, acts as a selective inhibitor of glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2; IC50 = 340 nM) while demonstrating significantly lesser affinity for GlyT1 (IC50 = >10,000 nM). Elevated plasma levels of this compound have been observed in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease undergoing initial hemodialysis, correlating with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality.

N-Arachidonoyl-L-serine (ARA-S), a recently isolated endocannabinoid with a distinct activity profile that diverges from typical endocannabinoids, does not interact with central cannabinoid (CB1), peripheral cannabinoid (CB2) receptors, or vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1). Unlike other compounds, ARA-S (5 mg/kg) counteracts the lowering of blood pressure induced by a 10 mg/kg intravenous bolus of abnormal cannabidiol (Abn-CBD) in anesthetized rat models. Additionally, akin to Abn-CBD, ARA-S induces relaxation in isolated rat mesenteric arteries and abdominal aorta and promotes phosphorylation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The mechanisms through which ARA-S and Abn-CBD exert their effects on vascular systems show variations and merit deeper investigation.

Lauroyl-L-carnitine (chloride) (Lauroyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride), an acylcarnitine and surfactant, has been used to permeate porcine intestinal cells to deliver the polar fluorescent probe fluorescent yellow.

Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (Acetyl L-carnitine hydrochloride) is a nutritional supplement composed of the hydrochloride salt form of the acetylated form of the endogenously produced L-carnitine, with potential neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, anti-depressive and immunomodulating activities. It may also relieve peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy, diabetes or other diseases. In addition, acetyl-L-carnitine may modulate the immune response by increasing T-lymphocytes maturation and may downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It may also disrupt the ACE2 signaling pathway and inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Stearoyl-L-carnitine chloride (Acylcarnitine C18:0) is a long-chain acylcarnitine found in the cerebellum that inhibits GlyT2 and is an important component in the study of lipid metabolism.

Acetyl L-Carnitine-d3 Chloride is a deuterated compound of Acetyl L-Carnitine Chloride.

Palmitoyl L-Carnitine-d3 Hydrochloride is a deuterated compound of Palmitoyl L-Carnitine Hydrochloride. Palmitoyl L-Carnitine Hydrochloride has a CAS number of 18877-64-0. L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride) is a fatty acid metabolite with antithrombotic properties that protects mice from ischemic stroke by counteracting intracerebral thrombosis in the tMCAO model.L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride) is a fatty acid metabolite with antithrombotic properties. Palmitoylcarnitine chloride inhibits the Na/K pump in the heart and inhibits FeCl 3-induced arterial thrombosis Attenuates intracerebral thrombosis and inflammation in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO).

Isovaleryl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring acylcarnitine that is formed via metabolic conversion of L-leucine. It increases survival and decreases apoptosis in hepatocyte growth factor-deprived murine C2.8 hepatocytes when used at a concentration of 1 mM. Isovaleryl-L-carnitine inhibits amino acid deprivation-induced proteolysis and autophagy in isolated perfused rat liver when used at concentrations of 77 and 100 μM, respectively. Increased levels of isovaleryl carnitine are associated with isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (isovaleric acidemia).

Butyryl-L-carnitine is a butyrate ester of carnitine. It is an inhibitor of intestinal transporters, blocking carnitine uptake by the carnitine transporter and glycine transport by the amino acid transporter in human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells (IC50s = 1.5 μM and 4.6 mM, respectively).

L-Carnitine tartrate is a Carnitine/ Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used to treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.