atrial natriuretic factor (128) (rat) tfa

CGRP (83-119), rat TFA (Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide(83-119), rat TFA) is a 37 amino acid calcitonin family of neuropeptide, acts through calcitonin receptor-like receptor.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (1-32), rat acetate (BNP (1-32), rat acetate) is a 32 amino acid polypeptide hormone synthesized by ventricular cardiomyocytes as a result of myocardial cell stretching (cardiomyocyte distension)[1].

MCH (human, mouse, rat) TFA is a potent peptide agonist for MCH receptors, demonstrating strong affinity with binding IC 50 values of 0.3 nM for MCH1R and 1.5 nM for MCH2R. It is notably effective against MCH-2R in a CHO cell line, as evidenced by the mobilization of intracellular calcium measured with FLIPR, revealing functional activation EC 50 values of 3.9 nM for MCH-1R and 0.1 nM for MCH-2R [1].

PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat (TFA) demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide-45, rat TFA (BNP-45, rat TFA) is an isoform of rat brain natriuretic peptide extracted from rat heart, exhibiting significant hypotensive and natriuretic effects [1].

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (1-28), human, porcine, Biotin-labeled, is one of three mammalian natriuretic peptides (NPs) that exerts endocrine effects on fluid homeostasis and blood pressure. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide holds promise for cardiovascular diseases research.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) (1-32), rat is a 32 amino acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes).Brain natriuretic peptide (type B natriuretic peptide) was origin

Prepro-Atrial Natriuretic Factor (26-55) (human) is a polypeptide that elevates cyclic GMP levels in the renal cortex and medulla and enhances renal guanylate cyclase activity [1].

Neuromedin S(rat) TFA, a 34-amino acid peptide derivative of rat Neuromedin S, is a neuropeptide sourced from the rat brain that functions as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor FM4/TGR-1 [1].

GIP, rat TFA (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), a 42-amino acid peptide secreted by K cells in the duodenum and jejunum, promotes insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, supports beta cell proliferation, and enhances their survival. This rat-origin bioactive peptide, along with GLP (gastric-like peptide), belongs to the intestinal insulinotropic hormone family and is implicated in lipid homeostasis and potentially in the pathogenesis of obesity. Recent research suggests GIP's multifaceted role in these metabolic processes.

Endogenous agonist at orexin receptors (Ki values are 20 and 38 nM for OX1 and OX2 receptors respectively). Stimulates feeding following central administration and may be involved in the control of sleep-wake cycle and other hypothalamic functions.

GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, rat) TFA, a molecular variant of GLP-1 (7-36) amide, can induce [14C]aminopyrine accumulation in enzymatically dispersed enriched rat parietal cells [1].

The alpha factor pheromone arrests yeast in the G1 phase of their cell cycle. Alpha Factor Mating Pheromone induces the expression of mating genes, changes in nuclear architecture, and polarzes growth toward the mating partner.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-39), rat (TFA) is a potent melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2) agonist.

α-CGRP (mouse, rat) TFA, a neuropeptide belonging to the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family, is predominantly located at neuromuscular junctions and functions as a potent vasodilator. Peripheral administration of α-CGRP (mouse, rat) TFA may result in decreased blood pressure and elevated heart rate, in addition to the relaxation of colonic smooth muscle. This compound shows promising utility in the investigation of cardiovascular, pro-inflammatory, migraine, and metabolic conditions [1] [2] [3].

PACAP (6-38), human, ovine, rat TFA is a potent PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50s of 30, 600, and 40 nM for PACAP type I receptor, PACAP type II receptor VIP1, and PACAP type II receptor VIP2, respectively.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (1-28),rat (TFA) is the main circulating forms of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in rats, which strongly inhibit the secretion of Ang II - stimulated endothelin-1.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (3-28) (human) (ANP (3-28) (human)), a peptide hormone produced by the atrial myocardium, plays a critical role in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis [1] [2].

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (1-20) (IRBP1-20), a dodecapeptide fragment of retinoid-binding protein 3, plays a crucial role in pigment regeneration by facilitating the transport of retinol and retinal between photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. It has been utilized to provoke autoimmune uveoretinitis in C57BL/6 mice, possessing the H-2b haplotype. Furthermore, IRBP1-20 at a concentration of 3 µM enhances the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 from primary mouse spleen lymphocytes. Immunization and subsequent rechallenge with IRBP1-20 lead to increased ear swelling, inflammation of ocular blood vessels, infiltration by immune cells, damage to the photoreceptor layer, and retinal detachment in IFN-γ-deficient mice.

Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor TFA, also known as Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Human TFA, is a hypothalamic polypeptide that promotes the production and release of growth hormone (GH) through its interaction with the Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GHRHR) on anterior pituitary cells [1].

Urocortin (Rattus norvegicus) TFA, a neuropeptide and potent endogenous CRFR agonist, demonstrates affinity with Ki values of 13 nM for human CRF1, 1.5 nM for rat CRF2α, and 0.97 nM for mouse CRF2β, indicating its significant interaction across species.[1][2]

CART(62-76)(human,rat) TFA, a neuropeptide encompassing residues 62-76 of the CART peptide, exhibits neurotransmitter-like properties. It is capable of modulating the activity of the striatal noradrenergic system, as well as the corticostriatal and hypothalamic serotoninergic (5-HT) systems in the rat brain [1].

Kisspeptin-10, rat TFA serves as both a potent vasoconstrictor and an inhibitor of angiogenesis, as well as acting as a ligand for the rodent kisspeptin receptor (KISS1, GPR54). Additionally, Kisspeptin-10 TFA demonstrates potential antioxidant properties by reducing Methotrexate-induced reproductive toxicity [1].

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) II, rat (TFA) is a neuropeptide with 37 amino acid.

Urocortin, rat TFA is a neuropeptide and a potent endogenous CRFR agonist (Kis: 0.97 nM, 1.5 nM, and 13 nM for mouse CRF2β, rat CRF2α, and human CRF1).

Cathelicidin-2 (CATH-2) (128-153) is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide derived from amino acids 128-153 of chicken CATH-2, demonstrating activity against pathogens such as E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, and B. globigii in a dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 40 µM, it induces hemolysis in chicken erythrocytes without exhibiting cytotoxicity towards human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, it stimulates the production of the chemokine CCL2 and suppresses LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in human PBMCs.

Proadrenomedullin N-terminal 12 peptide (PAMP-12), an endogenous fragment originating from the adrenal medulla and spanning amino acids 9-20 of human PAMP-20, plays a role in causing hypotension. It functions as an agonist for the MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor family member X2 (MRGPRX2), inhibiting forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human MRGPRX2 (EC50 = 57.2 nM) and selectively prompting calcium mobilization in these cells (EC50 = 41 nM), but not in cells expressing MRGPRX1, MRGPRX3, or MRGPRX4 at 1 µM. As an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), PAMP-12 obstructs carbachol-triggered catecholamine release and the influx of calcium and sodium (IC50s = 1.3, 0.39, and 0.87 µM, respectively) in primary bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, with no effect on histamine-induced responses (IC50s = >1 µM for all). Additionally, it decreases mean arterial blood pressure in normotensive rats at doses ranging from 10 to 50 nmol/kg.

Secretin (33-59), rat (TFA) is a 27-aa peptide, which acts on secretin receptor, and enhances the secretion of bicarbonate, enzymes, and K+ from the pancreas[1][2].

Neuromedin U, rat TFA is a 23-amino acid brain-gut peptide.

Galanin (1-29)(rat, mouse) TFA acts as a non-selective agonist for galanin receptors, exhibiting affinities (Kis) of 0.98 nM for GAL1, 1.48 nM for GAL2, and 1.47 nM for GAL3, respectively. It possesses an anticonvulsant effect [1] [2].

Apelin-36(rat, mouse) TFA, an endogenous agonist for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ, exhibits a strong affinity for APJ receptors with an IC 50 of 5.4 nM and effectively inhibits cAMP production with an EC 50 of 0.52 nM. Moreover, it obstructs the invasion of certain HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains into NP-2/CD4 cells that express the APJ receptor [1] [2].

[Leu31,Pro34]-Neuropeptide Y(human,rat) TFA acts as a specific agonist for the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor, while also activating receptors Y4 and Y5. This compound is known to elevate blood pressure in anesthetized rats and enhance food intake [1] [2].

Neuropeptide S(Rat) TFA, a robust endogenous agonist for the neuropeptide S receptor (NSPR) with an EC50 of 3.2 nM, enhances locomotor activity and promotes wakefulness while concurrently diminishing anxiety-like behavior in mice.

β-Amyloid (1-42), rat TFA is a 42-aa peptide, shows the effects of cytotoxicity on acute hippocampal slices, and has been used in studies of alzheimer's disease.

BNP-45 (rat) is a circulating form of rat brain natriuretic peptide isolated from rat heart with potent hypotensive and natriuretic potency.

Acts as a cardiac hormone with a variety of biological actions including natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. It is thought to play a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Helps restore the body\'s sa

Neuromedin U (rat TFA), a 23-amino acid brain-gut peptide, operates via its specific receptor NMUR2 in the central nervous system to modulate critical physiological processes such as energy homeostasis, stress response, and nociception.

Brain natriuretic peptide-32 (BNP-32), a fragment of the proBNP cardiovascular hormone precursor, exhibits affinity for natriuretic peptide receptors in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (IC50 = 7.3 nM) and promotes cGMP accumulation within these cells (EC50 = 170 nM). Additionally, BNP-32 effectively mediates the relaxation of norepinephrine-precontracted isolated rat aortic strips (EC50 = 6.7 nM). Upon administration at a dosage of 3 µg/kg, it elevates urine and urinary electrolyte outputs and induces hypotension in rats.

Enterostatin (human, mouse, rat) TFA, a pentapeptide predominantly synthesized in the intestine from pancreatic procolipase cleavage, effectively decreases fat consumption, body weight, and body fat in vivo [1].

Secretin (33-59), rat (TFA), a 27-amino acid peptide, targets the secretin receptor to increase the release of bicarbonate, enzymes, and potassium (K+) from the pancreas [1] [2].

BigLEN(rat) is a potent GPR171 agonist with an EC 50 of 1.6 nM [1] .

CART(55-102)(rat) TFA, a rat-derived satiety factor, exhibits potent appetite-suppressing properties. This compound is intricately linked to both leptin and neuropeptide Y, playing a crucial role in the regulation of hunger. Moreover, CART(55-102)(rat) TFA has been identified to induce anxiety and stress-related behavior, as documented in studies [1] [2].

Neuropeptide SF (mouse, rat) TFA, a potent agonist for neuropeptide FF receptors, exhibits K_i values of 48.4 nM for NPFF1 and 12.1 nM for NPFF2. Additionally, this compound enhances the amplitude of the sustained current in heterologously expressed acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) [1].

BNP-45 (rat) TFA is a circulating form of rat brain natriuretic peptide isolated from rat heart with potent hypotensive and natriuretic potency.

PACAP (1-27), human, ovine, rat TFA (PACAP 1-27 TFA) is an N-terminal fragment of pacap-38 and an effective PACAP receptor antagonist. The IC50s for rat PAC1, rat VPAC1 and human VPAC2 are 3nm, 2nm and 5nm respectively.

Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat is an agonist of the hippocampal galanin receptor, with a Kd of 3 nM. Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat shows high biological activity on locus coeruleus neurons.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (1-28), rat is the major circulating form of ANP in rats.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) II, rat TFA, functions as a potent and enduring vasodilator by activating CGRP receptors. This compound is utilized in cardiovascular disease research [1].

Orexin B, rat, mouse (Rat orexin B) TFA, an endogenous agonist for orexin receptors, binds to and activates the closely related orphan G protein-coupled receptors OX1-R and OX2-R. This compound is instrumental in stimulating food intake, increasing energy expenditure, and regulating sleep-wake cycles [1] [2] [3].