bone turnover

Etidronic acid (HEDP) is a diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.

1. β-Anhydroicaritin exhibits immunosuppressive effect on the mouse macrophages stimulated by LPS. 2. β-Anhydroicaritin phytosomes can inhibit enhanced bone turnover induced by ovariectomy, improve BMD the biomechanical properties of vertebrae, without any stimulation on uterus. 3. β-Anhydroicaritin possesses significant protective effects on the zymosan-induced peritonitis mice, which might be associated with the regulation of Ca(2+); influx in macrophages and iNOS expression.

Glycitin (Glycitein 7-O-β-glucoside), a natural isoflavone isolated from legumes, promotes the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts while suppressing bone turnover.

KM02894 is a glutamate release inhibitor. Cancer cells release high levels of glutamate that can disrupt normal bone turnover, which can lead to cancer-induced bone pain.KM02894 may be used in the study of tumor-related diseases.

Glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine is a bone formation and bone resorption marker that is related to bone turnover processes during growth and development as well as metabolic bone diseases.

Zoledronate disodium is an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis and macrophage recruitment, decreasing bone turnover and stabilizing the bone matrix, exhibiting diverse anti-tumor effects in osteosarcoma.

Balicatib (AAE581) is a potent and selective inhibitor of cathepsin K, used in trials studying the treatment of osteoporosis.

Alendronic Acid (alendronate) is a nonhormonal medication used for osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and several other bone diseases.

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.