cyclic adp ribose (ammonium salt)

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADP-ribose) is an endogenous metabolite of NAD+ that mobilizes the release of stored Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine receptors in various cell types.[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] This second messenger is generated via the cADP-ribose synthases CD38 and CD157.[6],[5],[7] cADP-Ribose may also trigger the cell surface Ca2+ influx channel TRPM2 in a temperature-dependent manner.[8] In vitro, cADP-ribose modulates Ca2+ signaling in rat and mouse cardiomyocytes treated with isoproterenol , and treatment with this metabolite at 100 μM under heat stress conditions induces the release of oxytocin from the mouse hypothalamus.[9],[4]

ADU-S100 ammonium salt (ML RR-S2 CDA ammonium salt) is an activator of stimulator of interferon genes (STING). ADU-S100 ammonium salt leads to potent and systemic tumor regression and immunity.

Foxy-5 Ammonium Salt is a WNT5A agonist, a mimetic peptide of WNT5A, a non-classical member of the Wnt family.Foxy-5 Ammonium Salt triggers cytoplasmic free calcium signaling without affecting β-catenin activation and inhibits migration and invasion of epithelial cancer cells.Foxy-5 Foxy-5 Ammonium Salt effectively reduces the metastatic spread of prostate cancer cells with low WNT5A expression in an in situ mouse model.

Ceruletide Ammonium Salt is a decapeptide, originating from the skin of tropical frogs, which is a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist and a safe and effective cholecystokinin receptor agonist with direct spasmodic effects on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts. Ceruletide Ammonium Salt has sedative activity and has been used in the study of chronic schizophrenia.Ceruletide Ammonium Salt is a decapeptide, originating from the skin of tropical frogs.

Pep 2-8 ammonium salt is Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor. Potent inhibitor of PCSK9 binding to LDL receptor (IC50 = 0.8 μM). Restores LDL uptake in HepG2 cells treated with PCSK9.

Vaborbactam ammonium salt is a β-lactamase inhibitor that restores carbapenem activity against KPC-producing strains and is often used in conjunction with other drugs to study fungal infections.

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is an effective calcium mobilization second messenger, which is synthesized from NAD + by ADP-ribosyl cyclase. Cyclic ADP-ribose mainly increases cytosolic calcium through Ryanodine receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum release

Sp-cAMPS sodium salt is an analog of cAMP that is a potent activator of cAMP-dependent PKA I and PKA II. Sp-cAMPS sodium salt is also a potent, competitive phosphodiesterase (PDE3A) inhibitor with a K i of 47.6 μM. Sp-cAMPS sodium salt binds the PDE10 GAF domain with an EC 50 of 40 μM [1] [2] [3].

SDZ 220-581 Ammonium salt is a potent, orally active and competitive antagonist of NMDA receptor(pKi : 7.7).

1-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidic acid is a phospholipid containing arachidonic acid at the sn-1 position. It has been found in rat brain as 37% of the arachidonic acid-containing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species and is a precursor to 1-arachidonoyl glycerol . 1-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidic acid binds to the LPA2/EDG4 receptor with an EC50 value of approximately 10 nM. It prevents TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in wild-type but not Lpa2-/- dendritic cells stimulated by LPS. It also decreases differentiation of HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells to goblet cells in the presence of sodium butyrate.

5-Phospho-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) is a natural intermediate involved in the pentose phosphate pathway leading to purine, pyrimidine, and histidine metabolism. It is also an intermediate in the synthesis of plant hormones, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites from glucose. Several phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTases) use PRPP as a substrate to add a 5-phosphoribosyl group to another substrate, as in the production of adenosine monophosphate from adenine and PRPP by adenine PRTase. N/A

3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine is a form of sulfatide that is lacking the fatty acyl group. It decreases migration and adhesion of B35 neuroblastoma cells and increases cell rounding when used at a concentration of 20 μM. It also inhibits PKC and cytochrome c oxidase activity when used at concentrations of 150 and 50-100 μM, respectively. 3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine accumulates in patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A (ASA) deficiency leading to progressive demyelination and neuromotor deficits. In mice lacking ASA, levels of 3'-sulfo galactosylsphingosine increase after one month of age followed by demyelination and neuromotor deficits. 3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine has been used as a standard for the quantification of 3'-sulfo galactosylsphingosine by LC-MS.

CTP Synthetase-IN-1 Ammonium salt is an orally active and potent cytidine 5'-triphosphate synthetase (CTPS) inhibitor with potential antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity for the study of SARS-CoV-2 viral infections.

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3, also known as PIP3, is resistant to cleavage by PI-specific phospholipase C (PLC). Thus, it is likely to function in signal transduction as a modulator in its own right, rather than as a source of inositol tetraphosphates. PIP3 can serve as an anchor for the binding of signal transduction proteins bearing pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Protein binding to PIP3 is important for cytoskeletal rearrangement and membrane trafficking. PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3 (1,2-dihexanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural PIP3 with C6:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound features the same inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as that of the natural compound. The short fatty acid chains of this analog give it different physical properties from naturally-occurring PIP3, including higher solubility in aqueous media.

ADP-Glucose (ADPG) is an immediate precursor used in the biosynthesis, by glucose addition, of storage polysaccharides in plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria, as well as structural polysaccharides in certain bacteria.[1],[2] It is used by amylose synthases or starch synthases in plastids in the production of amylose, amylopectins, starch, and other polysaccharides. ADPG is normally generated within plastids, although it can be biosynthesized in the cytoplasm of certain grasses and imported into plastids by a membrane-bound transporter.[3]

D-myo-Inositol-4-phosphate (Ins(4)P1) is a member of the inositol phosphate (InsP) molecular family that play critical roles as small, soluble second messengers in the transmission of cellular signals. The most studied InsP, Ins(1,4,5)P3, is a second messenger produced in cells by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate. Binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum results in opening of the calcium channels and an increase in intracellular calcium. Ins(4)P1 can be formed by dephosphorylation of Ins(1,4)P2 by inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase or dephosphorylated to inositol by inositol monophosphatase.

N-glycolyl-Ganglioside GM3(NeuGc-GM3) is a form of ganglioside GM3 that contains an N-glycolylated sialic acid (NeuGc).

adenosine A2A receptor full agonist

Synthetic and natural alkyl phosphates, also known as phosphoantigens, stimulate the proliferation of γδ-T lymphocytes. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, and related derivatives including (E)-hydroxy-dimethyl-allyl pyrophosphate ((E)-HDMAPP), are particularly effective activators of γδ-T cells. (E)-C-HDMAPP is the pyrophosphonate form of (E)-HDMAPP. The pyrophosphonate moiety in (E)-C-HDMAPP is much less susceptible to chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis than its pyrophosphate counterpart. As a result, (E)-C-HDMAPP is much more stable in solution and in vascular circulation. (E)-C-HDMAPP possesses comparable activity to (E)-HDMAPP, which is the most potent of the isoprenoid phosphoantigens. (E)-C-HDMAPP stimulates the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) by γδ-T lymphocytes with an IC50 value of 0.91 nM. (E)-C-HDMAPP also significantly increases the number of circulating γδ-T cells in vivo, in cynomolgus monkeys.

Cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is a second messenger produced by bacteria but not by mammals. Generated by a family of diadenylate cyclases, c-di-AMP can impact bacterial cell growth, cell wall homeostasis, pathogenicity, and other cellular functions. Bacteria-derived cyclic dinucleotides, including c-di-AMP, trigger the expression of interferon genes in mammalian cells.

The inositol phosphates (IPs) are a family of molecules produced by altering the phosphorylation status of each of the six carbons on the cyclic inositol structure. They act as second messengers, regulating a wide array of cellular functions. D-myo-inositol-1,3,4,6-tetraphosphate(Ins(1,3,4,6)-P4) largely acts an intermediate, serving as substrate for inositol-1,3,4,6-tetraphosphate 5-kinase to produce inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentaphosphate, or inositol-1,3,4,6-tetraphosphate 2-kinase to give inositol-1,2,3,4,6-pentaphosphate. These inositol pentaphosphates can be further phosphorylated to produce inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, or phytic acid, which serves diverse roles in eukaryotic tissues. Ins(1,3,4,6)-P4 is a poor activator of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphospate receptor in vitro. Other functions of this IP remain to be elucidated.

Phosphatidic acid is a phospholipid and an intermediate in glycerolipid biosynthesis. It is a transient intermediate in the synthesis of various phospholipid species that is synthesized de novo in cells via multiple routes, including the glycerol-3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathways, enzymatic conversion of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D, and acetylation of lysophosphatidic acid by lysoPA-acyltransferase, among others. It has roles in shaping cellular membranes, cellular signaling, vesicle fission and fusion, as well as mitochondrial division and fusion. It stimulates respiratory burst in neutrophils independent of diacylglycerol and activates monoacylglycerol acyltransferase, phospholipase C (PLC), Ras, and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP4) kinase in several cell lines. Phosphatidic acids (egg) is a mixture of phosphatidic acids isolated from chicken egg with fatty acids of variable chain lengths.

Cyclic di-IMP (sodium salt) (c-di-IMP) is a synthetic second messenger structurally related to the bacterial second messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP . C-di-IMP has adjuvant properties when co-administered with antigens in vitro and by mucosal routes in vivo. C-di-IMP enriches the population of MHC class I and II, CD80, CD86, CD40, and CD54 positive dendritic cells derived from murine bone marrow. It also stimulates macrophages at 500 ng/ml. Mice immunized with β-galactosidase (β-gal) plus c-di-IMP through the intranasal route show a humoral immune response, evidenced by an increase in IgG titers up to 2-fold compared to mice immunized with β-gal alone. Mice immunized with β-gal plus c-di-IMP also exhibit a Th1/Th2 response, indicating that the adjuvant activity of c-di-IMP leads to a cellular immune response as well.

Farnesyl Pyrophosphate ammonium (Farnesyl diphosphate ammonium) is a metabolic intermediate of the MVA pathway that acts as a newly identified danger signal to trigger acute cell death and induce neuronal loss in stroke.

ADU-S100 (MIW815) enantiomer ammonium salt is the less active enantiomer of ADU-S100. ADU-S100 is an activator of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING).

2’-Deoxy-5-Fluorouridine 5’-phosphate triethyl ammonium salt is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is TNU1203 and the CAS number is 134-46-3.

Cyclic di-UMP is a pyrimidine-containing cyclic dinucleotide (CDN).1It is produced by bacterial cGAS/DncV-like nucleotidyltransferases (CD-NTases), such as LpCdnE02 fromL. pneumophila, and binds to cGAS, in the apo or dsDNA-bound forms, with reduced affinity compared to 2'3'-cGAMP or 3'3'-cGAMP .1,2Cyclic di-UMP is intended for use as a negative control for cyclic di-GMP signaling. 1.Whiteley, A.T., Eaglesham, J.B., de Oliveira Mann, C.C., et al.Bacterial cGAS-like enzymes synthesize diverse nucleotide signalsNature564(7747)194-199(2019) 2.Hall, J., Ralph, E.C., Shanker, S., et al.The catalytic mechanism of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and implications for innate immunity and inhibitionProtein Sci.26(12)2367-2380(2017)

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADP-ribose) is a calcium mobilizing nucleotide that is biosynthesized from NAD+ by cADP-ribose synthases, including CD38. cADP-Ribose appears to activate calcium channels in intracellular membranes, which in turn activate ryanodine receptors. 8-bromo-cADP-Ribose is a stable, cell-permeable analog that blocks calcium release evoked by cADP-ribose in sea urchin egg homogenates with an IC50 value of 1.7 μM. It is commonly used to investigate intracellular signaling through cADP-ribose in isolated cells and tissues.

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(4)-P1 (1,2-dioctanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) featuring C8:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound contains the same inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as the natural compound. PtdIns-(4)-P1 can be phosphorylated to di- (PtdIns-P2; PIP2) and triphosphates (PtdIns-P3; PIP3). Hydrolysis of PtdIns-(4,5)-P2 by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG which are key second messengers in an intricate biochemical signal transduction cascade.

Cyclic ADP-ribose ammonium (cADPR ammonium) is a powerful calcium mobilization second messenger synthesized from NAD+ by an ADP-ribosyl cyclase. It primarily raises cytosolic calcium levels through Ryanodine receptor-mediated release from the endoplasmic reticulum, while also facilitating extracellular influx through the opening of TRPM2 channels [1][2][3].

Ac-VEID-AMC is a fluorogenic substrate based on the caspase-6 cleavage site in lamin A at amino acids VEID during apoptosis.1It has also been reported to be cleaved by related proteases, including caspase-8.2Caspase activity can be quantified by fluorescent detection of free AMC (also known as 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin), which is excited at 340-360 nm and emits at 440-460 nm. 1.Talanian, R.V., Quinlan, C., Trautz, S., et al.Substrate specificities of caspase family proteasesJ. Biol. Chem.272(15)9677-9682(1997) 2.Chae, H.J., Park, K.M., Lee, G.Y., et al.Je-Chun-Jun induced apoptosis of human cervical carcinoma HeLa cellsActa Pharmacologica Sinica25(10)1372-1379(2004)

Ganglioside GM1is a monosialylated ganglioside and the prototypic ganglioside for those containing one sialic acid residue.1,2It is found in a large variety of cells, including immune cells and neurons, and is enriched in lipid rafts in the cell membrane.3It associates with growth factor receptors, including TrkA, TrkB, and the GDNF receptor complex containing Ret and GFRα, and is required for TrkA expression on the cell surface. Ganglioside GM1interacts with other proteins to increase calcium influx, affecting various calcium-dependent processes, including inducing neuronal outgrowth during differentiation. Ganglioside GM1acts as a receptor for cholera toxin, which binds to its oligosaccharide group, facilitating toxin cell entry into epithelial cells of the jejunum.4,5Similarly, it is bound by the heat-labile enterotoxin fromE. coliin the pathogenesis of traveler's diarrhea.6Ganglioside GM1gangliosidosis, characterized by a deficiency in GM1-β-galactosidase, the enzyme that degrades ganglioside GM1, leads to accumulation of the gangliosides GM1and GA1in neurons and can be fatal in infants.1Levels of ganglioside GM1are decreased in the substantia nigra pars compacta in postmortem brain from patients with Parkinson's disease.3Ganglioside GM1mixture contains a mixture of ovine ganglioside GM1molecular species with primarily C18:0 fatty acyl chain lengths, among various others. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1544] 1.Kolter, T.Ganglioside biochemistryISRN Biochem.506160(2012) 2.Mocchetti, I.Exogenous gangliosides, neuronal plasticity and repair, and the neurotrophinsCell Mol. Life Sci.62(19-20)2283-2294(2005) 3.Ledeen, R.W., and Wu, G.The multi-tasked life of GM1 ganglioside, a true factotum of natureTrends Biochem. Sci.40(7)407-418(2015) 4.Turnbull, W.B., Precious, B.L., and Homans, S.W.Dissecting the cholera toxin-ganglioside GM1 interaction by isothermal titration calorimetryJ. Am. Chem. Soc.126(4)1047-1054(2004) 5.Blank, N., Schiller, M., Krienke, S., et al.Cholera toxin binds to lipid rafts but has a limited specificity for ganglioside GM1Immunol. Cell Biol.85(5)378-382(2007) 6.Minke, W.E., Roach, C., Hol, W.G., et al.Structure-based exploration of the ganglioside GM1 binding sites of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin for the discovery of receptor antagonistsBiochemistry38(18)5684-5692(1999)

2’-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)guanosine  5’-triphosphate ammonium salt is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is TNU1082.

2'-Fluoro-2'-deoxy-arabinoadenosine 5'-triphosphate triethyl ammonium salt is a Nucleoside Triphosphate.

N1-Methyl pseudouridine 5'-mono phosphate triethyl ammonium salt is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is TNU1669.

Rp-8-bromo-Cyclic AMPS (Rp-8-bromo-cAMPS) is a cell-permeable cAMP analog that combines an exocyclic sulfur substitution in the equatorial position of the cyclophosphate ring with a bromine substitution in the adenine base of cAMP. It acts as an antagonist of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKAs) and is resistant to hydrolysis by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Rp-8-bromo-cAMPS more effectively antagonizes cAMP-dependent activation of purified PKA type I from rabbit muscle than PKA type II from bovine heart.

γ-Glu-Cys is an intermediate in glutathione (GSH) synthesis.1It is formed by ATP-dependent condensation of cysteine and glutamate by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. γ-Glu-Cys is also an essential component of phytochelatins, the heavy metal detoxifying enzymes in plants.2

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway derived directly from farnesyl pyrophosphate and used in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids.[1] It is also serves as a substrate in the prenylation of a variety of critical intracellular proteins including small GTPases.[2] This post-translational modification is necessary for correct localization of proteins to intracellular membranes for proper functionality and has become a focus of anticancer drug discovery.[3][4]

2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-5-methyl-araobinocytidine 5'-triphosphate triethyl ammonium salt（79570-62-0 free base) is a Nucleoside Triphosphate.

Okadaic acid ammonium salt, a marine toxin, serves as an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP), displaying a higher affinity for PP2A (IC 50 =0.1-0.3 nM) alongside inhibitory effects on PP1 (IC 50 =15-50 nM), PP3 (IC 50 =3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC 50 =0.1 nM), and PP5 (IC 50 =3.5 nM), but does not affect PP2C. By inhibiting PPs, this compound promotes protein phosphorylation and acts as a tumor promoter. Additionally, it is involved in inducing tau phosphorylation.

8-CPT-Cyclic AMP (8-CPT-cAMP) sodium functions dually as a selective activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and as a potent inhibitor of the cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE VA), demonstrating an inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 0.9 μM. Additionally, this compound inhibits PDE III and PDE IV, while significantly activating Epac, showcasing its diverse pharmacological activities [1] [2].