drinking

Dibromochloroacetamide, belonging to the haloacetamides class, is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) commonly found in drinking water.

Bromochloronitromethane is a member of Halonitromethanes, a newly discovered group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water.

Diiodoacetamide, an iodo-haloacetamide compound, emerges as a disinfection by-product (DBP) within drinking water.

1-Bromo-1,1-dichloroacetone, classified as a chlorine dioxide disinfection byproduct (DBP), is present in drinking water.

Dibromochloroacetaldehyde, a trihalogenated acetaldehyde compound, is present as a byproduct in drinking water. It exhibits genotoxic properties.

Bromodichloronitromethane is a Halonitromethane compound, classified as a disinfection by-product (DBP) present in drinking water.

Tribromonitromethane is a member of the class of Halonitromethanes, a newly identified group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water.

Betamethasone 21-phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid.1It prevents increases in macrophage and eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreases in blood leukocyte numbers in a guinea pig model of parainfluenza-3 viral infection when administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg but does not prevent airway hyperresponsiveness after infection.2Betamethasone 21-phosphate inhibits cell infiltration into the aqueous humor in a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis when administered topically or subcutaneously at doses of 0.01-1% or 1 mg/kg, respectively.3It increases maximal lung pressure volume curves in fetal sheep when administered to pregnant ewes at 0.75 gestation at doses of 80 and 170 μg/kg.1Betamethasone 21-phosphate increases body weight, impairs learning and memory, increases anxiolytic behavior, and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in CD-1 mice but reduces body weight and increases neurogenesis with no effect on anxiety in high-anxiety DBA/2 mice when administered at a dose of approximately 25 mg/kg per day in the drinking water for seven weeks.4Formulations containing betamethasone 12-phosphate and betamethasone acetate have been used in the treatment of severe allergic conditions and a variety of immune-related conditions. 1.Loehle, M., Schwab, M., Kadner, S., et al.Dose-response effects of betamethasone on maturation of the fetal sheep lungAm. J. Obstet. Gynecol.202(2)186.e181-186.e187(2010) 2.Leusink-Muis, A., Ten Broeke, R., Folkerts, G., et al.Betamethasone prevents virus-induced airway inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigsClin. Exp. Allergy29(Suppl. 2)82-85(1999) 3.Tsuji, F., Sawa, K., Kato, M., et al.The effects of betamethasone derivatives on endotoxin-induced uveitis in ratExp. Eye Res.64(1)31-36(1997) 4.Aiello, R., Crupi, R., Leo, A., et al.Long-term betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium treatment has distinct effects in CD1 and DBA/2 mice on animal behavior accompanied by opposite effects on neurogenesisBehav. Brain Res.278155-166(2015)

Bromodichloroacetaldehyde belongs to the class of Haloacetaldehydes, which are classified as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) found in drinking water.

Dibromochloronitromethane is a member of the class of Halonitromethanes, which has been recently identified as a group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water.

The cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena often contaminates the drinking water of rural communities in developing countries and accumulates in mussels, flounder, and cod from the northern Baltic Sea. Nodularin is a hepatotoxic monocylic pentapeptide produced by the N. spumigena. It is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase types 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), exhibiting IC50 values of 1.8 and 0.026 nM, respectively. PP2B is inhibited to a lesser extent with an IC50 of 1.8 μM. No apparent inhibitory effect is observed with PP2C, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, protein kinase A, phosphorylase kinase, or protein kinase C.

Bromoiodoacetic acid is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) found in finished drinking waters, belonging to the iodinated haloacids.

2,2-Dibromoacetamide is a class of disinfection by-product (DBP) in drinking water.

Bromochloroacetaldehyde is a dihalogenated acetaldehyde compound that is commonly found as a byproduct in drinking water. It exhibits genotoxic properties.

N-Nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA) is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen.1It is oxidized to the reactive metabolite methyl-2-oxopropylnitrosamine (MOPN) in isolated rat liver mitochondria.2NMBA induces bladder transitional cell carcinomas in rats when administered in the drinking water at a concentration of 300 mg/L per day.3

Valsartan acid, a byproduct of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist Valsartan, emerges through the activated sludge treatment process and has been identified as a contaminant in drinking water.

CP102, an iron chelator, effectively reduces total non-heme and ferritin-stored iron levels in the livers of mice when provided through drinking water at a concentration of 2 mg/ml.

T-5342126 is a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist.1It reduces LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells (IC50= 27.8 μM), as well as decreases LPS-induced IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 production in isolated human whole blood (IC50s = 110.5, 315.6, and 318.4 μM, respectively). T-5342126 (82 mg/kg) reduces ethanol intake and the abundance of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), a marker of microglial activation, in the central nucleus of the amygdala in ethanol-dependent mice.2 1.Chavez, S.A., Martinko, A.J., Lau, C., et al.Development of β-amino alcohol derivatives that inhibit toll-like receptor 4 mediated inflammatory response as potential antisepticsJ. Med. Chem.54(13)4659-4669(2011) 2.Bajo, M., Montgomery, S.E., Cates, L.N., et al.Evaluation of TLR4 inhibitor, T5342126, in modulation of ethanol-drinking behavior in alcohol-dependent miceAlcohol Alcohol.51(5)541-548(2016)

Cylindrospermopsin, a tricyclic uracil derivative, is a cyanobacterial toxin that was first discovered in an algal bloom contaminating a local drinking supply on Palm Island in Queensland, Australia after an outbreak of a mysterious disease. Cylindrospermopsin targets protein and glutathione synthesis in hepatocytes (IC50s = 1.3 and 2.4 µM, respectively), leading to cell death. [1] It has been shown to inhibit the activity of the uridine monophosphate synthase complex with a Ki value of 10 µM.[2] Cylindrospermopsin is genotoxic, inducing DNA damage as evidenced by double strand breaks and reducing cell viability in HepG2 cells at 0.1-0.5 µg/ml.[3]

Spermidine-d6 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of spermidine by GC- or LC-MS. Spermidine is an endogenous polyamine. It is formed from putrescine by spermidine synthase. Spermidine (25 µM) inhibits the activity of the human inward-rectifying potassium channel Kir2.3 in a patch-clamp assay. It induces autophagy in HeLa cells when used at a concentration of 100 µM and increases the lifespan of D. melanogaster, yeast, and C. elegans. Spermidine (30 mM in the drinking water) reduces demyelination of the optic nerve and disease severity in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It reduces increases in blood pressure, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and heart weight in salt-sensitive Dahl rats fed a high-salt diet, a model of hypertension-induced congestive heart failure.4 Formulations containing spermidine have been used as dietary supplements.

Halazone (Pantocid) is fine white powder with an odor of chlorine. It has been widely used to disinfect drinking water.

(E)-2,3-Dibromo-2-butenedioic acid is a brominated haloacid that belongs to the category of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs).

18-Hydroxy-11-deoxy Corticosterone (18-OH-DOC) is a mineralocorticoid produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland, with its biosynthesis regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II. This regulation heightens 18-OH-DOC production in isolated human adrenal glomerulosa cells and allows for its formation from 11-deoxy corticosterone (DOC) in human SK-MEL188 melanoma cells. As an intermediate in progesterone metabolism, 18-OH-DOC can be converted to aldosterone in rat adrenal glands' capsular portion. Its continuous infusion (200 μg/rat per day) has been shown to raise systolic blood pressure in uninephrectomized saline-drinking rats, and elevated plasma levels of 18-OH-DOC have been observed in the adb/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

(Z)-2-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butenedioic acid is a brominated haloacid that acts as a disinfection byproduct (DBP) in finished drinking waters.

CP94, an iron chelator, enhances protoporphyrin IX photobleaching and reduces the viability of A431 squamous epithelial carcinoma cells at a 150 µM concentration with photodynamic therapy (PDT) using protoporphyrin IX precursors such as aminolevulinic acid (ALA), methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), or hexylaminolevulinate (HAL). Additionally, CP94 (2 mg/ml in drinking water) lowers hepatic non-heme and ferritin-bound iron levels while increasing hepatic protoporphyrin levels in mice. It also counteracts ferrocene-induced rises in rat brain iron levels at a dosage of 100 mg/kg.

Dibromoacetaldehyde, a halogenated byproduct found in drinking water, exhibits genotoxicity.

CPT-157633 is a difluoro-phosphonomethyl phenylalanine derivative that acts as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme PTP1B. It effectively prevents the development of glucose intolerance induced by binge drinking.

CVT-10216 is a Potent and selective, reversible inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) (IC50: 29 nM). CVT-10216 also has inhibitory effect of ALDH-1 (IC50: 1.3 μM). CVT-10216 can reduce excessive alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats and exhibit anxiolytic effects.

Amitifadine(DOV-21947, EB-1010) is an inhibitor of the so-called triple reuptake or serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) and is an antidepressant drug candidate. Amitifadine reduces binge drinking and negative affect in an animal m

Spermidine trihydrochloride (4-Azaoctamethylenediamine trihydrochloride), a natural polyamine, is a novel autophagy inducer and negatively modulates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA).

Spermidine (N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane) inhibits NOS1 (nNOS). Spermidine binds and precipitates DNA and may be used for purification of DNA binding proteins. Spermidine activates PNK (polynucleotide kinase T4). Spermidine binds to and activates NMDA and has been shown to potentiate NMDA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner.