Maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent 16.5-19.5) serves as an excipient in pharmaceutical applications. Excipients, also known as pharmaceutical auxiliaries, are chemical substances utilized in drug formulation alongside active pharmaceutical ingredients. They primarily enhance the stability, solubility, and processability of drug preparations, while also influencing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of co-administered drugs [1].

Poly(acrylic acid) serves as an effective corrosion inhibitor for pure cast aluminium in acidic environments through its adsorption onto the metal's surface. Additionally, this compound functions as an excipient within the pharmaceutical industry, utilized in roles such as a coating material and release blocker. Pharmaceutical excipients, also known as pharmaceutical auxiliaries, are chemical substances employed in drug formulation alongside the active pharmaceutical ingredients to enhance the stability, solubility, and manufacturability of the products. These excipients also influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of drugs [1] [2].

An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.

Spirorenone is an androstadienone derivative as a highly effective aldosterone antagonist. Spirorenone is 8.6 times as potent as spironolactone, but showed a lower affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptors. In phase I clinical trials Spirorenone was absorbed with a half-life of 20-30 min, achieving maximum concentrations of about 100 ng/ml (10 mg) and 260 ng/ml (40 mg) after 1-2 h. Disposition of the parent drug was biphasic with half-lives of 50-60 min (distribution) and 5-6 h (elimination). Neither significant accumulation nor enzyme induction was observed after prolonged treatment.

PF-04449613 is a phosphodiesterase 9A (PDE9A) inhibitor (IC50= 22 nM).1It is selective for PDE9A over PDE1C (IC50= >1,000 nM), as well as over a variety of other PDEs, inhibiting PDE2-8, -10, and -11 activity by less than 30% in a panel of enzymes, ion channels, and transporters at 1 μM but does inhibit the human dopamine transporter (DAT; Ki= 293 nM). PF-04449613 (0.1-100 mg/kg, s.c.) increases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in rats. Subcutaneous administration of PF-04449613 (10 mg/kg) increases the rate of dendritic spine formation and elimination in mouse primary motor cortex pyramidal neuronsin vivo.2It increases the average running speed of mice in an accelerating rotarod task, indicating improved motor learning, at the same dose. 1.Claffey, M.M., Helal, C.J., Verhoest, P.R., et al.Application of structure-based drug design and parallel chemistry to identify selective, brain penetrant, in vivo active phosphodiesterase 9A inhibitorsJ. Med. Chem.55(21)9055-9068(2012) 2.Lai, B., Li, M., Hu, A., et al.The phosphodiesterase 9 inhibitor PF-04449613 promotes dendritic spine formation and performance improvement after motor learningDev. Neurobiol.78(9)859-872(2018)

Fosfomycin sodium is a bactericidal, low-molecular weight, broad-spectrum antibiotic, with putative activity against several bacteria, including multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, by irreversibly inhibiting an early stage in cell wall synthesis.

Fosfomycin calcium (Phosphomycin calcium salt) is a blood-brain barrier penetrating, broad-spectrum antibiotic by irreversibly inhibiting an early stage in cell wall synthesis.

Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Monostearate, an ester derived from the saturated fatty acid stearic acid (C18:0), serves multiple roles in pharmaceutical formulations, including as a surfactant, emulsifier, solubilizer, and wetting agent. As a pharmaceutical excipient—an inert substance that enhances the stability, solubility, and processability of drug formulations—it plays a crucial role in affecting the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) processes of drugs [1] [2].

Fosfomycin is an antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae.

Phosphonic acid, [(2R,3S)-3-methyloxiranyl]-, calcium salt (9CI) (phosphonomycin calcium) is an antibiotic, used for the treatment of urinary tract infections and intestinal infections caused by susceptible strains.