endothelin3protein,human,recombinant(his)

Endothelins are endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptides. Endothelin-3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.42 kDa and the accession number is P14138.

IL-8/CXCL8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 28-99) is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 8.5 kDa and the accession number is A0A024RDA5.

Desmin is a cytoplasmic protein and belongs to the intermediate filament family. interacts with DST and MTM1. Desmin is only expressed in vertebrates, however homologous proteins are found in many organisms. Desmin is the main intermediate filament in mature skeletal, cardiac and smooth-muscle cells. DES founctions as homopolymers to form a stable intracytoplasmic filamentous network connecting myofibrils to each other and to the plasma membrane. .Defects in DES are cause of the myopathy myofibrillar type 1, cardiomyopathy dilated type 1I, and neurogenic scapuloperoneal syndrome Kaeser type.

Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1(ATF1) which contains 1 bZIP (basic-leucine zipper) domain and 1 KID (kinase-inducible) domain, belongs to the bZIP family. It influences cellular physiologic processes by regulating the expression of downstream target genes, which are related to growth, survival, and other cellular activities. ATF1 binds the cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3'), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. It also binds to the Tax-responsive element (TRE) of HTLV-I. ATF1 mediates PKA-induced stimulation of CRE-reporter genes, represses the expression of FTH1 and other antioxidant detoxification genes, triggers cell proliferation and transformation. ATF1 is phosphorylated at serine 63 in its kinase-inducible domain by serine/threonine kinases, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I/II, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase and CDK3. Its phosphorylation enhances its transactivation and transcriptional activities, and enhances cell transformation.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody composed of four peptide chains—two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains arranged in a Y-shape typical of antibody monomers.There are four IgG subclasses (IgG1, 2, 3, and 4) in humans, named in order of their abundance in serum. The IgG2a isotype was able to interact very efficiently with FcgammaR, and share approximately 64-78% amino acid sequence identity with IgG1 and IgG2b in the heavy chain constant region domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3, which cause the diffrence in the interaction with complement, NK and mast cells, induction or inhibition by specific cytokines, and ability to cross the placenta.

Tryptase beta-2(Tpsb2), also known as Mast cell protease 6(mMCP-6), belongs to the peptidase S1 family and Tryptase subfamily. Tryptase is the major neutral protease present in mast cells and is secreted upon the coupled activation-degranulation response of this cell type. It plays a role in innate immunity. Tpsb2 can be detected primarily in skin during embryogenesis. Tpsb2 can not be detected at early embryonic stages but is abundantly expressed in later stages with a peak at E17.5-E18.5. Tryptase is a homotetramer. The active tetramer is converted to inactive monomers at neutral and acidic pH in the absence of heparin. Low concentrations of inactive monomers become active monomers at pH 6.0 in the presence of heparin. When the concentration of active monomers is higher, they convert to active monomers and then to active tetramers. These monomers are active and functionally distinct from the tetrameric enzyme. In contrast to the hidden active sites in the tetrameric form, the active site of the monomeric form is accessible for macromolecular proteins and inhibitors eg: fibrinogen which is a substrate for the monomeric but not for the tetrameric form. The monomeric form forms a complex with SERPINB6.

HTN3 belongs to the histatin/statherin family. Histatins are salivary proteins that are considered to be major precursors of the protective proteinaceous structure on tooth surfaces (enamel pellicle). In addition, histatins exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activities. Post-translational proteolytic processing results in many histatins: e.g., histatins 4-6 are derived from histatin 3 by proteolysis. Histatins 1 and 3 are primary products of HIS1and HIS2 alleles, respectively. Histatins are believed to have important non-immunological, anti-microbial function in the oral cavity.

Cytoplasmic Protein NCK1 (NCK1) is a cytoplasmic protein that contains one SH2 domain and three SH3 domains. NCK1 is a member of the adapter family, which associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated growth factor receptors, such as KDR and PDGFRB, or their cellular substrates. NCK1 maintains low levels of EIF2S1 phosphorylation by promoting its dephosphorylation by PP1. NCK1 plays a role in the DNA damage response, but not in the detection of the damage by ATM/ATR. It is also involved in transducing signals from receptor tyrosine kinases to downstream signal recipients, such as ELK1-dependent transcriptional activation in response to activated Ras signaling.

Fumarylacetoacetase belongs to the FAH family. Fumarylacetoacetase is primary expressed in liver and kidney. It exists as a homodimer and catalyzes the hydrolysis of 4-fumarylacetoacetate into fumarate and acetoacetate. Defects in Fumarylacetoacetase cause tyrosinemia type 1, which is congenital metabolism defect characterized by elevated levels of tyrosine in the blood and urine, and hepatorenal manifestations. Typical features include renal tubular injury, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, episodic weakness, and seizures.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-3 (NPR3), also known as NPRC or ANPR-C, is one of the three natriuretic peptide receptors, is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein. The natriuretic system is key to the maintenance of vascular tone and cardiovascular homeostasis. Receptor for the natriuretic peptide hormones, binding with similar affinities atrial natriuretic peptide NPPA/ANP, brain natriuretic peptide NPPB/BNP, and C-type natriuretic peptide NPPC/CNP. May function as a clearance receptor for NPPA, NPPB and NPPC, regulating their local concentrations and effects. Osteocrin was found to be a specific ligand to NPR3. NPR3 is necessary for Osteocrin to regulate femoral, tibial, and metatarsal bone elongation.

C-C Motif Chemokine 3 (MIP-1 alpha,CCL3 ) is a member of the beta or CC subfamily of chemokines and is closely related to CCL4/MIP-1 beta. CCL3 expression can be induced in a variety of hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells. Mature mouse CCL3 shares 73%, 91%, and 82% amino acid sequence identity with human, rat, and cotton rat CCL3, respectively. CCL3 exerts its biological functions through interactions with CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5. It is cleared from the extracellular space by internalization via the decoy chemokine receptor D6. CCL3 promotes the chemoattraction, adhesion to activated vascular endothelium, and cellular activation of many hematopoietic cell types including activated T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes, immature dendritic cells, and eosinophils. CCL3 is also known as stem cell inhibitor (SCI) and can inhibit the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. CCL3 bioactivity contributes to tumor metastasis and the inflammatory components of viral infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatitis, although it also can suppress the replication of HIV.

Uroporphyrinogen-III Synthase is an enzyme which belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family. Uroporphyrinogen-III Synthase is ubiquitous and it is involved in Porphyrin metabolism. Porphyrins act as cofactors for a multitude of enzymes that perform a variety of processes within the cell such as Methionine synthesis (Vitamin B12) or oxygen transport (Heme). Uroporphyrinogen-III Synthase can catalyze cyclization of the linear Tetrapyrrole, Hydroxymethylbilane, to the Macrocyclic Uroporphyrinogen III, the branch point for the various sub-pathways leading to the wide diversity of Porphyrins. Defects in Uroporphyrinogen-III Synthase are the cause of Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP).

Cathepsin E (CTSE) is a gastric aspartyl protease that functions as a disulfide-linked homodimer. It is a member of the Peptidase C1 family, and has a specificity similar to that of Pepsin A and Cathepsin D. CTSE is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, while the mature enzyme is localized to the endosome. It is expressed abundantly in the stomach, the Clara cells of the lung and activated B-lymphocytes, and at lower levels in lymph nodes, skin and spleen. CTSE is an intracellular proteinase that have a role in immune function, activation-induced lymphocyte depletion in the thymus, neuronal degeneration and glial cell activation in the brain. Futhermore, it probably involved in the processing of antigenic peptides during MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation.

Calnexin/CANX is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the calreticulin family. It consists of a large N-terminal calcium-binding lumenal domain, a single transmembrane helix and a short (90 residues), acidic cytoplasmic tail. The function of calnexin is to retain unfolded or unassembled N-linked glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calnexin is a calcium-binding protein that interacts briefly with newly synthesized glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calnexin may act in assisting protein assembly and/or in the retention within the ER of unassembled protein subunits. Calnexin seems to play a major role in the quality control apparatus of the ER by the retention of incorrectly folded proteins. Calnexin dwindles with aging and might contribute to a cytoprotection in an array of human age-related diseases.

Thioredoxin-Dependent Peroxide Reductase Mitochondrial (PRDX3) is an enzyme that belongs to the AhpC/TSA family. Human and mouse PRDX3 genes are highly conserved, and they map to the regions syntenic between mouse and human chromosomes. Human PRDX3 protein has an antioxidant function and is localized in the mitochondrion. PRDX3 is involved in redox regulation of the cell. PRDX3 protects radical-sensitive enzymes from oxidative damage by a radical-generating system. It acts synergistically with MAP3K13 to regulate the activation of NF-kappa-B in the cytosol.

Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase (CTH) belongs to the trans-sulfuration enzymes family. CTH exists as a homotetramer and interacts with CALM in a calcium-dependent manner. CTH breaks down cystathionine into cysteine, ammonia and 2-oxobutanoate. CTH catalyzes the last step in the trans-sulfuration pathway from methionine to cysteine and has broad substrate specificity. Defects in CTH will lead to cystathioninuria, which is an autosomal recessive phenotype characterized by abnormal accumulation of plasma cystathionine.

dUTPase Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20 KDa and the accession number is P33316-2.

Serine/Threonine-Protein Phosphatase PP1-Υ Catalytic Subunit (PPP1CC) is a member of the PPP phosphatase family. It is essential for cell division, participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. PPP1CC colocalizes with SPZ1 in the nucleus, with URI1 at mitochondrion, Rapidly exchanges between the nucleolar, nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic compartments. As a cofactor, PPP1CC binds one iron ion and one manganese ion per subunit.. In addition, PPP1CC may play an important role in dephosphorylating substrates such as the postsynaptic density-associated Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II.

β-Arrestin-1 (ARRB1) is a cytoplasmic protein that belongs to the arrestin family. ARRB1 is expressed at high levels in peripheral blood leukocytes and the central nervous system. ARRB1 regulates agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. ARRB1 acts as a cofactor in the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK) mediated desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors. ARRB1 is believed to play a major role in regulating receptor-mediated immune functions. ARRB1 is involved in Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling through the interaction with TRAF6.

Inositol Polyphosphate 1-Phosphatase (INPP1) is a member of the inositol monophosphatase family. INPP1 is widely expressed in tissues, with highest expression levels observed in the pancreas and kidney. INPP1 is inhibited by Li+. Removing the phosphate group at position 1 of the inositol ring from the polyphosphates inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4-trisphophosphate. INPP1 is involved in signal transduction and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway.

Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-Inducible Protein GADD45 α (GADD45A) is a member of the GADD45 family. GADD45A can be induced by UV irradiation, X-rays, growth arrest and alkylating agents, of which can be mediated by some kinases other than PKC. GADD45A can interact with MAPK14, GADD45GIP1, PCNA. In T-cells, GADD45A functions as a regulator of p38 MAPKs by inhibiting p88 phosphorylation and activity. GADD45A may affect PCNA interaction with some cell division protein kinase complexes, stimulating DNA excision repair in vitro and inhibits entry of cells into S phase.

GUCY2C Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 90-120 KDa and the accession number is P25092.

Alcohol dehydrogenase class 4 mu/sigma chain (ADH7) is a cytoplasm enzyme which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. The expression of this gene makes it much more abundant in the stomach than the liver, thus it differs from the other known gene family members. ADH7 may participate in the synthesis of retinoic acid, a hormone important for cellular differentiation. Medium-chain (octanol) and aromatic (m-nitrobenzaldehyde) compounds are the best substrates. Ethanol is not a good substrate but at the high ethanol concentrations reached in the digestive tract, it plays a role in the ethanol oxidation and contributes to the first pass ethanol metabolism.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 Inhibitor C (CDKN2C) is a member of the INK4 family of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. CDKN2C contains 4 ANK repeats and interacts with CDK4 or CDK6. Highest levels of CDKN2C can be found in skeletal muscle, pancreas, and heart. CDKN2C inhibits cell growth and proliferation with a correlated dependence on endogenous retinoblastoma protein RB and prevent the activation of the CDK kinases. Studies have been shown the roles of CDKN2C gene in regulating spermatogenesis, as well as in suppressing tumorigenesis.

LEPR Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 130-190 KDa and the accession number is P48356.

Malate Dehydrogenase, Cytoplasmic (MDH1) is an enzyme which belongs to the MDH Type 2 sub-family of LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH1 is involved in the Citric Acid Cycle that catalyzes the conversion of Malate into Oxaloacetate (using NAD+) and vice versa. MDH1 should not be confused with Malic Enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of Malate to Pyruvate, producing NADPH. MDH1 also participates in Gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of Glucose from smaller molecules. Pyruvate in the mitochondria is acted upon by Pyruvate Carboxylase to form Pxaloacetate, a Citric Acid Cycle intermediate. In order to transport the Oxaloacetate out of the Mitochondria, Malate Dehydrogenase reduces it to Malate, and it then traverses the inner Mitochondrial membrane. Once in the cytosol, the Malate is oxidized back to Oxaloacetate by MDH1. Finally, Phosphoenol-Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase (PEPCK) converts Oxaloacetate to Phosphoenol Pyruvate.

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) protein which belongs to the intermediate filament family. GFAP is expressed in numerous cell types of the central nervous system (CNS), ependymal cells and phosphorylated by PKN1. GFAP, a class-III intermediate filament, is a cell-specific marker during the development of the central nervous system and distinguishes astrocytes from other glial cells. It is closely related to its non-epithelial family members, vimentin, desmin, and peripherin, which are all involved in the structure and function of the cell’s cytoskeleton. GFAP is thought to help to maintain astrocyte mechanical strength, as well as the shape of cells but its exact function remains poorly understood.

This protein may be involved in regulating membrane traffic to and from trans-Golgi network. Isoform TGN46 is widely expressed. Isoform TGN51 is more abundant in fetal lung and kidney. Isoform TGN48 is barely expressed in embryonic kidney and promyelocytic cells.

SUMO3 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 18 KDa and the accession number is P55854.

Claudin-18.2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis and C-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13 KDa and the accession number is P56856-2.

Neurexophilin-1 (NXPH1) is a member of Neurexophilin family. NXPH1 consist of 271 amino acis. It contains a 21 amino acid signal peptide, 86 amino acid propeptide, and 164 amino acid mature protein. NXPH1 is expressed in subpopulations of neurons within the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and olfactory bulb that are thought to be inhibitory interneurons. In humans, NXPH2 and NXPH3 are most similar to NXPH1, sharing 84% and 64% aa identity within the mature region, respectively. By contrast, NXPH4 dost not bind a-neurexins. Genetic deletion of NXPH1 or NXPH3 produces no anatomical effect.

Triose-phosphate isomerase, also named Triose-phosphate isomerase, TPI and TIM, is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of the triose phosphate isomers dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. TPI has been found in nearly every organism searched for the enzyme, including animals such as mammals and insects as well as in fungi, plants, and bacteria. However, some bacteria that do not perform glycolysis, like ureaplasmas, lack TPI. TPI plays an important role in glycolysis and is essential for efficient energy production. TPI deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder and the most severe clinical disorder of glycolysis. Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency is associated with neonatal jaundice, chronic hemolytic anemia, progressive neuromuscular dysfunction, cardiomyopathy and increased susceptibility to infection and characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia.

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1 also called CXCL12), a molecule endowed with potent chemotactic activity for lymphocytes. This receptor is one of several chemokine receptors that HIV isolates can use to infect CD4+ T cells. CXCR4 stands out for its pleiotropic roles in both physiological and pathological conditions and it represents a crucial target in drug development. CXCL12 is the principal CXCR4 specific ligand and that the pro-inflammatory chemokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is also able to bind and activate CXCR4.

UBE2K Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis and SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 38 KDa and the accession number is P61086.

CD96 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 110-160 KDa and the accession number is P40200-2.

Transcriptional Repressor CTCF (CTCF) belongs to the CTCF Zinc-Finger Protein family. CTCF contains twelve C2H2-type zinc fingers and interacts with CHD8. CTCF is widely expressed in many tissues, and it is absent in primary spermatocytes. CTCF is involved in transcriptional regulation by binding to chromatin insulators and preventing interaction between promoter and nearby enhancers and silencers. CTCF plays an essential role in oocyte and preimplantation embryo development by activating or repressing transcription. In addition, CTCF is also indispensable in the epigenetic regulation and chromatin remodeling.

RBP2 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 15-17 KDa and the accession number is P50120.

C-C motif chemokine 5(CCL5) is a β-chemokine that plays a primary role in the inflammatory immune response by means of its ability to attract and activate leukocytes. CCL5 is secreted by many cell types at inflammatory sites, and it exerts a wide range of activities through the receptors CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5. Inflammatory responses can be impaired by the sequestration of CCL5 by the cytomegalovirus protein US28. Oligomerization of CCL5 on glycosaminoglycans is required for CCR1mediated leukocyte adhesion and activation as well as CCL5’s interaction with the chemokine CXCL4/PF4.The deposition of CCL5 on activated vascular endothelial cells is crucial for monocyte adhesion to damaged vasculature, but CCL5 oligomerization is not required for the extravasation of adherent leukocytes.CCL5 is upregulated in breast cancer and promotes tumor progression through the attraction of proinflammatory macrophages in addition to its actions on tumor cells, stromal cells, and the vasculature.

Serpin H1 is a serine proteinase inhibitors Which belongs to the serpin family. Serpin H1 is induced by heat shock. Serpin H1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and binds specifically to collagen. Thus it is thought to be a molecular chaperone involved in the maturation of collagen molecules. Autoantibodies to this protein have been found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Serpin H1 may be a marker for cancer and nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with preterm birth caused by preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18）is a protein which belongs to the IL-1 family. It is expressed as a 24 kDa precursor by endothelial and epithelial cells, keratinocytes, gamma δ T cells, and phagocytes. Mature mouse IL-18 shares 63% and 91% amino acid sequence identity with mouse and rat IL-18, respectively. IL-18 binds to the widely expressed IL-18 R alpha which recruits IL-18 R beta to form the signaling receptor complex. Its bioactivity is negatively regulated by interactions with IL-18 binding proteins and virally encoded IL-18BP homologs. It augments natural killer cell activity in spleen cells and stimulates interferon gamma production in T-helper type I cells. In the presence of IL-12 or IL-15, IL-18 enhances anti-viral Th1 immune responses by inducing IFN-gamma production and the cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells and NK cells. In the absence of IL-12 or IL-15, however, IL-18 promotes production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 by CD4+ T cells and basophils.

Nesfatin-1 is a metabolic polypeptide encoded in the N-terminal region of the precursor protein, Nucleobindin2 (NUCB2). Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus of mammals. It participates in the regulation of hunger and fat storage. Nesfatin-1 is also expressed in other areas of the brain, and in pancreatic islets β-cells, gastric endocrine cells and adipocytes. Nesfatin-1 suppresses food intake and can regulate energy metabolism in a Leptin independent manner. Nesfatin-1 may also exert hypertensive roles and modulate blood pressure through directly acting on peripheral arterial resistance.

Hepcidin（HAMP）is a secreted protein that belongs to the hepcidin family.It is expressed in liver, heart and brain. It is involved in the maintenance of iron homeostasis, and it is necessary for the regulation of iron storage in macrophages, and for intestinal iron absorption. The preproprotein is post-translationally cleaved into mature peptides of 20, 22 and 25 amino acids, and these active peptides are rich in cysteines, which form intramolecular bonds that stabilize their beta sheet structures.

CD83 antigen is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. CD83 is expressed by activated lymphocytes, Langerhans cells and interdigitating reticulum cells. It contains one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. , the soluble CD83 has the opposite effect and has an immune inhibitory capacity. Due to its immune inhibitory function, CD83 may play a significant role in antigen presentation or the cellular interactions that follow lymphocyte activation.

Trefoil Factor 2 (TFF2) is a member of the trefoil family and contains two P-type (trefoil) domains. Members of this family are characterized by having at least one copy of the trefoil motif, a 40-amino acid domain that contains three conserved disulfides. TFF2 is a secreted protein and specifically expressed in the stomach. TFF2 inhibits gastrointestinal motility and gastric acid secretion. TFF2 could function as a structural component of gastric mucus, possibly by stabilizing glycoproteins in the mucus gel through interactions with carbohydrate side chains.

Heat Shock Factor Protein 2 (HSF2) belongs to the HSF family of transcription factors that bind specifically to the heat-shock promoter element and activate transcription. In higher eukaryotes, HSF is unable to bind to the HSE unless the cells are heat shocked. HSF2 is widely expressed in many cells and tissues. HSF2 is located on Cytoplasmic during normal growth. But when it is activited, HSF2 moves to the nucleus.

Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM14 (TIM14) is an essential component of the PAM complex. PAM complex is required for the translocation of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix in an ATP-dependent manner. In the complex, TIM14 is required to stimulate activity of mtHSP70 (SSC1). TIM14 belongs to the DnaJ family, which has been involved in Hsp40/Hsp70 chaperone systems. As a mitochondrial chaperone, TIM14 functions as part of the TIM23 complex import motor to facilitate the import of nuclear-encoded proteins into the mitochondria. TIM14 also complexes with prohibitin complexes to regulate mitochondrial morphogenesis, and has been implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia.

It is a single-pass type I membrane protein and contains 4 TNFR-Cys repeats. The protein is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of receptors. It is expressed on the surface of most cell types, including cells of epithelial and myeloid lineages, but not on T and B lymphocytes. The protein is the receptor for the heterotrimeric lymphotoxin containing LTA and LTB, and for TNFS14/LIGHT. It promotes apoptosis via TRAF3 and TRAF5 and may play a role in the development of lymphoid organs. The encoded protein and its ligand play a role in the development and organization of lymphoid tissue and transformed cells. Activation of the encoded protein can trigger apoptosis. Not only does the TNFRSF3 help trigger apoptosis, it can lead to the release of the cytokine interleukin 8. Overexpression of TNFRSF3 in Human Cells cells increases IL-8 promoter activity and leads to IL-8 release. TNFRSF3 is also essential for development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs and chemokine release.

C-C motif chemokine 9(CCL9) is an 11 kDa, secreted, monomeric polypeptide that belongs to the beta (or CC) intercrine family of chemokines. It is expressed mainly in the liver, lung, and the thymus, although some expression has been detected in a wide variety of tissues except brain. Monokine has inflammatory, pyrogenic and chemokinetic properties. It circulates at high concentrations in the blood of healthy animals. Binding to a high-affinity receptor，it activates calcium release in neutrophils. It also inhibits colony formation of bone marrow myeloid immature progenitors. CCL9 can activate osteoclasts through its receptor CCR1 (the most abundant chemokine receptor found on osteoclasts) suggesting an important role for CCL9 in bone resorption.

Hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 (HBA1), also known as α2β2, is a hetero-tetramer consisting of two α and two β subunits held together by non-covalent interactions. Each subunit contains a heme group with an iron atom in the Fe2+ state. Cooperativity of Hemoglobin (Hb) in binding with O2 and allosteric regulatory binding properties with CO2, H+, Cl−, and 2,3-DPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) are based on subunit interactions. HBA1 is the most common type of Hb in adult humans, which mediates the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. In recent years, Hb α and β chains have been found co-expressed in alveolar cells, mesangial cells of the kidney, retinal ganglion cells, hepatocytes and neurons. Endothelial and peripheral catecholaminergic cells express exclusively the α chain, while macrophages present the β chain only.

Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 7(SPINK7) is a secreted protein, that in humans is encoded by the SPINK7 gene. SPINK7 contains 1 Kazal-like domain. SPINK7 is probably serine protease inhibitor. Recombinant human SPINK7 is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 74 amino acids and fused to His-tag at c-terminus.