follicle

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a heterodimeric glycoprotein synthesized by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland, influences animal fertility and reproductive performance [1] [2].

Minoxidil sulfate (U-58838) is the active metabolite required to exert the vasodilatory and hair growing effects of minoxidil.

Triptorelin acetate(57773-63-4 free base) (CL 118,532) is used as a GnRH agonist. It decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by causing constant stimulation of the pituitary. Triptorelin acetate(57773-63-4 free base) may be used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as breast cancer or prostate cancer, precocious puberty, estrogen-dependent conditions, and assisted reproduction.

Biotinoyl tripeptide-1 Acetate can produce hair follicles by promoting scalp micro-circulation and reduce follicle atrophy and aging.

GnRH-I acetate in release of biologically active Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in the blood.

LGnRH-III, lamprey acetate is an evolutionarily conserved member of the GnRH family, can stimulate the secretion of gonadotropins, it stimulates the secretion of both luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones.

Endogenous ligand for the canine KISS1 receptor (Kisspeptin receptor or GPR54). Stimulates section of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol in vivo.

Biotinoyl tripeptide-1 can produce hair follicles by promoting scalp micro-circulation and reduce follicle atrophy and aging.

Ripafollitropin alfa (bovine) is a fusion protein that combines recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone with chorionic gonadotropin [1].

Human Follicular Gonadotropin Releasing Peptide (hF-GRP) is a hormonal peptide that, in vitro, can induce the secretion of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [1] [2].

[Lys8] LH-RH, an analogue of LH-RH, effectively stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [1].

GnRH III, an evolutionarily conserved member of the GnRH family, can stimulate the secretion of gonadotropins, it stimulates the secretion of both luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones.

pGlu-His-Pro-Gly-NH2, also known as Glp-His-Pro-Gly-NH2, is a tetrapeptide that promotes the release of gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [1] [2].

GTX-758, also known as Capesaris, is a n orally available, nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor (ER) alpha agonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of GTx-758, this agent suppresses the secretion of the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland through feedback inhibition. In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the synthesis of androgens, including testosterone, by the testes. This may result in suppressed total serum testosterone to the levels observed in castration. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus).

hFSH-β-(33-53) TFA, a thiol-containing peptide representing the second follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) binding domain, acts as an FSHR antagonist. It prevents FSH from binding to its receptor and partially promotes estradiol synthesis in Sertoli cells [1] [2] [3].

FSH receptor-binding inhibitor fragment (bi-10) is a potent antagonist that inhibits the binding of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to its receptor (FSHR), modifying FSH activity at the receptor level. It suppresses ovulation and induces follicular atresia in mice. Furthermore, this compound holds potential for curbing ovarian cancer carcinogenesis by reducing the overexpression of FSHR and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in the ovaries [1].

(D-Ser4, D-Ser(tBu)6, Azagly10)-LHRH, an analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), plays a pivotal role in reproductive regulation by promoting the secretion of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [1].

Propylparaben sodium (propyl parahydroxybenzoate) is a naturally occurring antimicrobial preservative found in plants and bacteria. Widely utilized in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods, this compound impairs antral follicle growth and steroidogenic function by modifying the cell-cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis pathways. Additionally, propylparaben sodium reduces sperm count and motility in rats.

Triptorelin, a decapeptide (pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Trp-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2), is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) used as the acetate or pamoate salts. By causing constant stimulation of the pituitary, it decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Like other GnRH agonists, triptorelin may be used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as prostate cancer or breast cancer, precocious puberty, estrogen-dependent conditions (such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids), and in assisted reproduction. It is also used as therapy for gender identity disorder.

Cetrorelix diacetate (NS-75A) is is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. It works by blocking the action of GnRH upon the pituitary, thus rapidly suppressing the production and action of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Relugolix-d6 is a deuterated compound of Relugolix. Relugolix has a CAS number of 737789-87-6. Relugolix is an orally available, non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)) antagonist, with potential antineoplastic activity. Relugolix competitively binds to and blocks the GnRH receptor in the anterior pituitary gland, which both prevents GnRH binding to the GnRH receptor and inhibits the secretion and release of both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the release of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes. Since testosterone is required to sustain prostate growth, reducing testosterone levels may inhibit hormone-dependent prostate cancer cell proliferation.

Ozarelix is a fourth generation GnRH antagonist, induces apoptosis in hormone refractory androgen receptor negative prostate cancer cells modulating expression and activity of death receptors. Mechanistically, LHRH antagonists exert rapid inhibition of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone with an accompanying rapid decrease in sex hormones and would therefore be expected to be effective in a variety of hormonally dependent disease states including ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, BPH, infertility, uterine myoma and endometriosis. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that is caused by testosterone. Unlike LHRH agonists, ozarelix has the potential to reduce testosterone just enough to reduce both prostate size and symptoms without the severe side effects associated with a reduction in testosterone.

Loureirin A has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, perhaps through an impairment of PI3K/Akt signaling.Loureirin A negatively affects agonist-induced platelet aggregation such as collagen, collagen-related peptide (CRP), ADP and thrombin. Lourei

Dicetrorelix pamoate is a synthetic decapeptide with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonistic activity. GnRH induces the production and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the gonadotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. Due to a positive estradiol (E2) feedback at midcycle, GnRH liberation is enhanced resulting in an LH-surge. This LH-surge induces the ovulation of the dominant follicle, resumption of oocyte meiosis and subsequently luteinization as indicated by rising progesterone levels. Cetrorelix competes with natural GnRH for binding to membrane receptors on pituitary cells and thus controls the release of LH and FSH in a dose-dependent manner. Cetrorelix binds to the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor and acts as a potent inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion. It competes with natural GnRH for binding to membrane receptors on pituitary cells and thus controls the release of LH and FSH in a dose-dependent manner......

Norgestrel (WY-3707) is a synthetic progestin commonly used alone or in combination with an estrogen for contraception. Norgestrel suppresses the secretion of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), thickens cervical mucus, and slows the transit of ova through the fallopian tubes.

Relugolix (RVT-601) is an orally available, non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)) antagonist, with potential antineoplastic activity. Relugolix competitively binds to and blocks the GnRH receptor in the anterior pituitary gland, which both prevents GnRH binding to the GnRH receptor and inhibits the secretion and release of both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In males, the inhibition of LH secretion prevents the release of testosterone from Leydig cells in the testes. Since testosterone is required to sustain prostate growth, reducing testosterone levels may inhibit hormone-dependent prostate cancer cell proliferation.

Gonadorelin, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR; Ki= 13 nM in CHO cells expressing the human receptor) agonist and tropic hormone, effectively stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from rat anterior pituitary cultures at 0.1 μg doses. Additionally, it triggers LH release from bovine anterior pituitary cultures at a 1 μM concentration. In vivo, gonadorelin induces ovulation in rats pretreated with fluphenazine (ED50= 610.3 ng/kg). Gonadorelin-based formulations are utilized as diagnostic tools to evaluate pituitary gland function.

Urofollitropin, a protein extract derived from human menopausal urine, promotes follicle development and maturation while containing minimal amounts of urinary proteins [1].

TAK-683 TFA, a potent full KISS1 receptor (KISS1R) agonist with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 170 pM, exhibits enhanced metabolic stability. As a nonapeptide metastin analog, it demonstrates agonistic activities towards KISS1R, with effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.96 nM for humans and 1.6 nM for rats. In vivo, TAK-683 TFA reduces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels in the hypothalamus and decreases plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels. Given these effects, TAK-683 TFA holds promise for research into hormone-dependent prostate cancer.

Lutropin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein, a hormone produced by anterior pituitary gonadotrophs, which stimulates follicle development.

Nafarelin acetate(76932-56-4 free base) (RS-94991-298) is a GnRH agonist that acts as an analog of GnRH. Nafarelin acetate(76932-56-4 free base) causes a decrease in the pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). It may be used in the treatment of estrogen-dependent conditions.

Clomifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), it has both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities. This agent causes the release of the pituitary gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), leading to ov

Gonadorelin HCl, as a decapeptide, can stimulate the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE, and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.

Nafarelin is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) which acts as an analog of GnRH. Nafarelin increases the release of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary, which in turn leads to an increase of estrogen/progesterone. When administered, Nafarelin has the purpose of causing increase estrogen that will negatively feed back upon hypothalamus to decrease GnRH ( negative feedback loop ) Through negative feedback, Nafarelin causes a decrease in pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Nafarelin may be used in the treatment of estrogen-dependent conditions (such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids), to treat central precocious puberty, and to control ovarian stimulation in IVF. It is normally delivered via a nasal spray. Nafarelin acetate is marketed by Searle (now part of Pfizer) under the brand name Synarel.

Ganirelix is a selective and competitive antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), effectively preventing endogenous GnRH from triggering the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone [1].

(D-Ser(tBu)6,D-Leu7,Azagly10)-LHRH, an analogue of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), fundamentally mediates reproductive processes by promoting the secretion of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [1].

(D-Tyr5,D-Ser(tBu)6,Azagly10)-LHRH, an analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), plays a pivotal role in reproductive control by promoting the pituitary release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [1].

Sandalore prolongs human hair growth by decreasing apoptosis and increasing the production of the anagen-prolonging growth factor IGF-1 in the outer root sheath. Sandalore is a selective agonist of olfactory receptor OR2AT4.

DCOIT, an isothiazolinone derivative, stimulates the synthesis of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the brain by activating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). Additionally, it interferes with G protein-coupled receptors, MAPK, and Ca 2+ signaling pathways [1].

FSHR agonist 1, an allosteric agonist of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), exhibits high affinity, with a pEC50 of 7.72. It forms extensive interactions with the transmembrane domain (TMD) to directly activate FSHR.

17α,20β-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α,20β-DHP) is an endogenous, maturation-inducing steroid that stimulates oocyte maturation in females of several teleost species. For example, 1 μg/ml of 17α,20β-DHP applied to Persian sturgeon oocytes has been shown to effectively induce germinal vesicle breakdown, an essential step during oocyte maturation.1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, have been shown to stimulate the production of 17α,20β-DHP either in vivo or in vitro.[2] 17α,20β-DHP has also been reported to influence spermiation by stimulating milt production when administered at 5 mg/kg to various male teleosts.[1]

Histrelin acetate is a nonapeptide analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) with added potency. It acts on particular cells of the pituitary gland called gonadotropes when present in the bloodstream. Histrelin stimulates these cells to release luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Thus it is considered a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or GnRH agonist.