hif-1 a tfa

HIF-1 alpha (556-574) TFA is a 19-residue fragment of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which serves as the master regulator of oxygen homeostasis [1].

Pam3CSK4 TFA (Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 TFA) is an agonist of toll-like receptor 1/2 (TLR1/2) (EC50 of 0.47 ng/mL for human TLR1/2).

pro-asp TFA(85227-98-1 free base) (TLβ4) down-regulate skin inflammation in mouse skin.

Jagged-1 (188-204) TFA(219127-21-6 free base) is a fragment of the JAG-1 protein. JAG-1 is Notch ligand, a peptide that is the most conspicuously expressed ligand in skin. JAG-1 induces epidermal maturation. Exposing submerged keratinocytes monolayers to JAG-1 with elevated calcium concentration produces stratification with loricrin expression and NF-alphaB activation.

Rotigaptide TFA(355151-12-1 free base) is a novel and specific modulator of Cx43 and is a potent AAP. Rotigaptide TFA(355151-12-1 free base) prevents the uncoupling of Cx43-mediated gap junction communication and normalizes cell-to-cell communication during acute metabolic stress.

JAG-1, scrambled TFA is a scrambled sequence of JAG-1(188-204).

Nociceptin (1-13), amide is a potent agonist Opioid receptor-like1 (ORL1) receptor with a pEC50 of 7.9 for mouse vas deferens and a Ki of 0.75 nM for binding to rat forebrain membranes.

Angiotensin 1/2 (1-9)TFA is containing the amino acids 1-9 that are converted from Angiotensin I/II peptide.

740 Y-P(TFA)(1236188-16-1 free base) (740YPDGFR(TFA)) is a potent and cell-permeable activator of PI3K.

GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, rat) TFA, a molecular variant of GLP-1 (7-36) amide, can induce [14C]aminopyrine accumulation in enzymatically dispersed enriched rat parietal cells [1].

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-39), rat (TFA) is a potent melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2) agonist.

PACAP (1-38) free acid TFA, an endogenous neuropeptide, effectively enhances antral motility and somatostatin secretion, while concurrently suppressing gastrin secretion and promoting the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin releasing peptide, and substance P. Additionally, it amplifies N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression via RACK1 [1] [2].

Piscidin-1 (22-42) (TFA) is a highly potent, multi-functional Antimicrobial Peptide (AMP) produced by Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides).

IGF-I (30-41) (TFA) is amino acids 30 to 41 fragment of Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I).

Endogenous human tachykinin-like peptide and potent agonist for NK1 receptors (EC50 = 1 nM).

Klotho-derived peptide 1 (KP1) (56-87), a peptide originating from the human Klotho protein, disrupts TGF-β signaling by binding to TGF-β receptor types 1 and 2 (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2; Kds = 1.41 and 14.6 µM, respectively). Preincubation with KP1 at a concentration of 10 µg/ml hinders the TGF-β-induced escalation of fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) levels in NRK-49F rat fibroblasts. Furthermore, in vivo studies reveal that KP1, administered at 1 mg/kg per day, preferentially accumulates in damaged kidneys, leading to significant reductions in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, indicators of improved kidney function. Additionally, it decreases kidney fibrosis in mouse models of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced renal fibrosis.

NEP(1-40) TFA is a peptide antagonist of the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR), which mitigates the shift in microglial morphology distributions due to injury by attenuating myelin-derived inhibition [1].

Orexin B, human (TFA) is an endogenous agonist at Orexin receptor with Kis of 420 and 36 nM for OX1 and OX2.

TAT TFA (YGRKKRRQRRR) is derived from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) transcription reverse activator TAT, is a cell penetrating peptide.

HPV16 E7 (86-93) TFA is a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2.1 restricted HPV16 E7-derived peptide.

Parathyroid Hormone (1-34), bovine TFA, a potent agonist of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor, elevates calcium and inorganic phosphate levels in vivo. This compound is employed in osteoporosis research [1].

Dynorphin B (1-13), a 13 amino acid, is an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide.

FSL-1 TFA, a toll-like receptor 2/6 (TLR2/6) agonist derived from bacteria, bolsters resistance against experimental HSV-2 infection[1] and stimulates MMP-9 production via the TLR2 and NF-κB/AP-1 signaling pathways in monocytic THP-1 cells[2].

IRL-1620 (TFA) is a potent selective endothelin receptor B (ETB) agonist with a Ki value of 16pm.

HIF-1 alpha (556-574) is a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 19-mer fragment. HIF-1 functions as master regulator of response to oxygen homeostasis. Hypoxia-induced gene expression is initiated when HIF-1subunit is stabilized in response to a lack of oxygen. Thi

Apelin-13 is an endogenous ligand of APJ receptor, and the EC 50 value of activated G protein coupled receptor is 0.37 nM.

TAT-DEF-Elk-1 TFA (TDE TFA) is a cell-penetrating peptide that inhibits Elk-1 by mimicking its DEF domain and disrupting its function. It effectively blocks Elk-1 phosphorylation and its subsequent nuclear translocation, without affecting the activation of ERK or MSK1. This compound serves as a valuable tool for investigating Elk-1's involvement in the development of neuronal plasticity [1].

Proteasome-activating peptide 1 TFA is a potent activator of the proteasome, enhancing chymotrypsin-like proteasomal catalytic activity and thereby increasing proteolytic rates both in vitro and in culture. Additionally, it inhibits protein aggregation in cellular models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [1].

Dynorphin A (1-10) (TFA), an endogenous opioid neuropeptide, binds in the transmembrane domain of the κ-receptor.

GIP (1-30) amide (Human) TFA is a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide fragment. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that stimulates insulin secretion and reduces postprandial glycaemic excursions.

Protein Kinase C (19-31) TFA, a peptide inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), derived from the pseudo-substrate regulatory domain of PKCa (residues 19-31) with a serine at position 25 replacing the wild-type alanine, is used as protein kinase C substrate p

This is a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1 a) 19-mer fragment. HIF-1 functions as master regulator of response to oxygen homeostasis. Hypoxia-induced gene expression is initiated when HIF-1 subunit is stabilized in response to a lack of oxygen. This part

Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat is an agonist of the hippocampal galanin receptor, with a Kd of 3 nM. Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat shows high biological activity on locus coeruleus neurons.

ACTH (1-17) TFA is a corticotrophin analogue and an effective human melanocortin 1 (MC1) receptor agonist with Ki value of 0.21 nM.

Tat-beclin 1 TFA, a peptide originating from a segment of the autophagy protein beclin 1, effectively initiates autophagy and engages with the autophagy negative regulator, GAPR-1 (GLIPR2). It notably reduces the buildup of polyglutamine expansion protein aggregates and curtails the in vitro replication of various pathogens, including HIV-1. Moreover, Tat-beclin 1 TFA has demonstrated a reduction in mortality rates in mice infected with either chikungunya (CHIKV) or West Nile virus (WNV) [1].

Beta-defensin 1, pig TFA, an antimicrobial peptide predominantly located in the tongue mucosa of pigs, exhibits activity against a diverse range of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis, and the fungus Candida albicans [1] [2].

GLP-1(28-36)amide TFA, a C-terminal nonapeptide derived from GLP-1 cleavage by neutral endopeptidase (NEP), acts as an antioxidant targeting mitochondria. It inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), exhibiting anti-diabetic and cardioprotective effects [1].

BA 1 TFA acts as a potent agonist for the bombesin (BB) family of receptors, exhibiting high affinity binding to Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS3), gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), and neuromedin B receptor (NMBR), with IC50 values of 6, 0.4, and 2.5 nM, respectively [1].

Mambalgin 1 TFA, a selective inhibitor of ASIC1a (with IC50 values of 192 nM for human ASIC1a and 72 nM for the ASIC1a/1b dimer), preferentially binds to the channel in its closed/inactive state. It demonstrates selectivity for ASIC1a over a range of other channels, including ASIC2a, ASIC3, TRPV1, P2X2, 5-HT3, Nav1.8, Cav3.2, and Kv1.2. In vivo, Mambalgin 1 TFA effectively prolongs the latency of the withdrawal response in mouse tail-flick and paw-flick tests.

PD-1/PD-L1-IN 3 TFA, a macrocyclic peptide, serves as a potent and selective inhibitor of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. This compound disrupts PD-L1's binding with PD-1 and CD80 by directly binding to PD-L1, exhibiting IC50 values of 5.60 nM and 7.04 nM, respectively. It is utilized in the research of numerous illnesses, such as cancer and infectious diseases [1].

MIF-1 TFA (Melanostatin), an intrinsic brain peptide, serves as a powerful allosteric modulator of the dopamine receptor. It plays a crucial role in regulating melanin production and modifies the analgesic efficacy by inhibiting the opioid receptor's effects. Significantly, MIF-1 TFA can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) directly, facilitating its access from the bloodstream to the central nervous system (CNS) [1] [2] [3].

187-1, N-WASP Inhibitor TFA, a 14-amino acid cyclic peptide, serves as an allosteric inhibitor of the neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP). This compound effectively suppresses actin assembly triggered by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), exhibiting a potent inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 2 μM. Furthermore, 187-1, N-WASP Inhibitor TFA inhibits the activation of the Arp2/3 complex by N-WASP, maintaining the protein in its autoinhibited state, ensuring the prevention of its activation.

Endothelin 1 (swine, human) (TFA) is a synthetic peptide mirroring the sequence of the potent endogenous vasoconstrictor found in both human and swine Endothelin 1. It operates via two receptor types, ET A and ET B [1].

GLP-1(9-36)amide TFA, a predominant metabolite of glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36)amide synthesized through dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) activity, functions as an antagonist to the human pancreatic GLP-1 receptor [1] [2].

PACAP (1-38), a novel neuropeptide isolated from the bovine hypothalamus is more active than vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in stimulating adenylate cyclase (EC50=7 nM). PACAP 1-38 (10-9 M) increased substance P (SP), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP),

Angiotensin II is a potent direct vasoconstrictor, causing arteries and veins to constrict, so leading to an increase in blood pressure.

Xenopsin TFA is a neurotensin-like octapeptide derived from the skin of xenopus xenopus.Xenopsin TFA is an inhibitor of tetrachloroside to stimulate gastric acid secretion.

iRGD Peptide 1 TFA is a prototypic tumor-homing peptide with tissue-penetrating capabilities, facilitating deep delivery of therapeutic agents into extravascular tumor tissue. Additionally, it possesses anti-metastatic activity [1].

Hepcidin-1 (mouse) TFA, an endogenous peptide hormone, regulates iron homeostasis by upregulating mRNA levels of TRAP, cathepsin K, and MMP-9, enhancing TRAP-5b protein secretion, and downregulating FPN1 protein levels, thereby increasing intracellular iron. It also promotes osteoclast differentiation [1].

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (1-42), an endogenous incretin hormone comprising 42 amino acids, promotes insulin secretion. Expressed in the intestinal neuroendocrine K cells and submandibular gland, it enters circulation after meals. GIP (1-42) blocks histamine, pentagastrin, and insulin-induced gastric acid and pepsin secretion, enhances glucose-stimulated insulin release, and accelerates gastric emptying in rats.