human b-defensin-2

[Leu15]-Gastrin I human acetate(39024-57-2 Free base) is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T8761L.

Endothelin-2 (49-69), human (Human endothelin-2) is a 21-amino acid vasoactive peptide that binds to G-protein-linked transmembrane receptors, ET-RA and ET-RB.

Human β-defensin-2 (HβD-2) is a cationic skin-antimicrobial peptide (SAP) characterized by its small size and rich cysteine content. It is produced by various epithelial cells and exhibits potent antimicrobial properties against gram-negative bacteria and Candida. However, it does not effectively target gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Given these characteristics, Human β-defensin-2 serves as a valuable tool in colitis research.

'(Des-Bromo)-Neuropeptide B (1-23) (human)' is an agonist for orphan G-protein-coupled receptors, exhibiting a K i of 1.2 nM for GPR7 (NPBW1) and 341 nM for GPR8 (NPBW2) respectively [1].

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

Orexin B, human (TFA) is an endogenous agonist at Orexin receptor with Kis of 420 and 36 nM for OX1 and OX2.

GLP-2(1-33) (human) is an enteroendocrine hormone which stimulates the growth of the intestinal epithelium.

Human α-Defensin 6, a 32-residue, cysteine-rich peptide, plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity by inhibiting bacterial invasion. It achieves this through the formation of ordered self-assembly fibrils and nanonets, which stochastically bind to bacterial surface proteins and consequently surround and entangle the bacteria. Additionally, Human α-Defensin 6 impedes biofilm formation by C. albicans [1] [2].

PTH (2-38) (human) plays a role in bone anabolism and can elevate serum levels of INS-PTH (complete N-terminal specific PTH) [1].

GLP-2 (1-34) (human), a polypeptide secreted from the intestine shortly after eating, is utilized in research related to bone remodeling processes [1].

Human β-defensin-1 (HβD-1) is a cysteine-rich cationic skin-antimicrobial peptide (SAP) produced by epithelial surfaces, circulatory cells, and cells of the reproductive tract. It exhibits antimicrobial activity against a wide range of sperm bacteria.

Human β-defensin-3 (HβD-3) is an antibiotic antimicrobial peptide synthesized by epithelial cells. It exhibits potent antimicrobial properties and mitigates inflammatory cytokine responses. HβD-3 efficiently targets various microorganisms, displaying IC90 values ranging from 6 to 25 μg/ml.

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)

FibrinopeptideB,human is a 14-amino acid polypeptide released from the amino terminus of the fibrinogen segment.

[Ala11,D-Leu15]-Orexin B(human) TFA is a potent, selective agonist for the orexin-2 receptor (OX2), demonstrating 400-fold higher selectivity for OX2 (EC 50 =0.13 nM) compared to the orexin-1 receptor (OX1) with an EC 50 of 52 nM.

Defensin HNP-1 human is a Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs), involved in endothelial cell dysfunction at the time of early atherosclerotic development.Defensin HNP-1 human can regulate the growth of atherosclerosis.

Galanin (2-11) amide is a synthetic peptide fragment of the neuropeptide galanin and an agonist of the galanin-2 (GAL2) receptor (EC50= 9.32 nM in a fluorescence imaging plate reader assay).1It selectively binds to the GAL2receptor (IC50= 1.76 nM for the rat receptor) over the GAL1receptor (IC50= 879 nM for the human receptor) but does also bind to the GAL3receptor (Ki= 271 nM for the rat receptor).1,2Intracerebroventricular administration of galanin (2-11) amide (1 nmol/animal) decreases immobility in the forced swim test in rats.3It also reduces the hind paw mechanical pain threshold and increases the hind paw cold sensitivity threshold in rats.1

Prokineticin 2 Isoform 2 (human), a hypothalamic neuropeptide, regulates thermoregulation and energy metabolism while decreasing food intake in rodents. This isoform is implicated in the study of metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, and hyperglycemia [1].

β-Defensin-3 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It inhibits the growth of the periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria F. nucleatum, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, and L. casei (MICs = 12.5-100 mg/l). It also inhibits the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. β-Defensin-3 stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes when used at a concentration of 30 μg/ml. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 5, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-3 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose.

Orexin B, human is an endogenous agonist at Orexin receptor with Kis of 420 and 36 nM for OX1 and OX2, respectively. Orexin B is a hypothalamatic neuropeptide stimulating food intake in rats.

Human α-defensin 5 is an antiviral peptide that inhibits the infection of non-enveloped viruses such as AdV, HPV, and polyomaviruses, with an IC50 range of 0.6-1.25 μM specifically for HPV16. It functions by binding to the viral capsid and preventing viral escape from the endosome. Additionally, Human α-defensin 5 enhances HIV attachment to the cell surface and exhibits parasiticidal activity [1].

Defensin HNP-1 Human TFA, a human neutrophil peptide (HNP), plays a role in the early development of atherosclerosis by contributing to endothelial cell dysfunction. Additionally, it has demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial and anti-leishmanial effects [1] [2].

PAR-2 (1-6) (human) (SLIGKV), a peptide ligand, is a PAR-2 agonist [1] .

Defensin HNP-2 is a naturally occurring antibiotic and monocyte chemotactic peptide synthesized by human neutrophils.

(S)-2-Amino-3-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)propanoic acid is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T66164 and the CAS number is 72120-71-9.

Defensin HNP-3 is a peptide secreted by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) that has antimicrobial properties. It induces lysis of mammalian cells when used at a concentration of 25 μg/mL. It also inhibits growth of E. faecalis (ED50 = 100 nM) and clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa (MIC90 = 4 μM). HNP-3 binds to recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120) and human CD4 (Kds = 52.8 and 34.9 nM, respectively). It also binds to recombinant, immobilized human surfactant protein D (SP-D; Kd = 55.7 nM) and inhibits focus formation in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells infected with influenza A virus (IAV).

Endothelin-2 (49-69), human (TFA) is a 21-amino acid vasoactive peptide that binds to ET-RA and ET-RB.

β-CGRP,human tissue is one of the calcitonin peptide, through complex behavior of calcitonin receptor like receptor (CRLR) - and receptor activity - modifying proteins (increased), and 1 and 300 - nM CRLR IC50s/RAMP1 and CRLR/RAMP2 cells.

Highly potent and selective OX2 receptor agonist; displays 400-fold selectivity over OX1 receptors. EC50 values are 0.13 and 52 nM for human OX2 and OX1 receptors respectively.

Defensin HNP-3 human, a cytotoxic antibiotic peptide referred to as defensin, exhibits inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. This compound is first synthesized as a 94 amino acid chain known as preproHNP(1-94), then cleaved to proHNP(20-94), and finally matures into HNP(65-94) following the excision of anionic precursors [1] [2].

Orexin B, human (TFA), functions as a native agonist for the Orexin receptor, exhibiting dissociation constants (Kis) of 420 nM for OX1 and 36 nM for OX2, respectively.

Acetyl-ACTH (2-24) (human, bovine, rat), a proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptide fragment, includes adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) precursor of α-MSH and acts as an agonist at the MC-1 receptor [1].

Fibrinopeptide B (FPB) is produced during the cleavage of fibrinogen, by thrombin, to fibrin monomer.