hydrogen oxidized

NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).

Choline is a ubiquitous water soluble nutrient, often associated with the B vitamins

Glutathione can occur in reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG), or in mixed disulfide forms and is ubiquitous in multiple biological systems serving as the major thiol-disulfide redox buffer of the cell. GSSG is the oxidized form of GSH . It can be reduced back to GSH through the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase. GSSG functions as a hydrogen acceptor in the enzymatic determination of NADP+ and NADPH and can be a proximal donor in S-glutathionylation post translational modifications. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is often used as an indicator of oxidative stress, with higher concentrations of GSSG predicting increased oxidative stress.

Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px; EC 1.11.1.9), a member of the peroxidase family, catalyzes the oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) by forming a disulfide bridge, while concurrently reducing hydrogen peroxide or lipid peroxides to water, serving as a potent antioxidant and protecting against oxidative stress [1].

Gliclazide-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of gliclazide by GC- or LC-MS. Gliclazide is a sulfonylurea and an inhibitor of pancreatic β-cell ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. It is selective for pancreatic β-cell over cardiac and arterial smooth muscle cell KATP channels. Gliclazide (5 μM) increases insulin-induced glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane in a differentiated 3T3L1 adipocyte model of insulin resistance induced by hydrogen peroxide. Gliclazide (5 and 10 μg/ml) reduces LDL oxidation by human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs), decreasing TBARS content and 8-isoprostane levels. It also decreases oxidized LDL-induced HASMC proliferation and monocyte adhesion when used at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 μg/ml. Gliclazide (5 mg/kg) reduces serum glucose levels and increases glucose uptake by isolated rat hindquarters in a model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ).

DPN (Diarylpropionitrile) is an selective agonist of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) .

estrogen receptor (ER) β agonist

Gliclazide-d7 is a deuterated compound of Gliclazide. Gliclazide has a CAS number of 21187-98-4. Gliclazide, an oral antihyperglycemic agent, belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues, which act by stimulating beta-cells of the pancreas to release insulin.

Gliclazide (SE1702), an oral antihyperglycemic agent, belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues, which act by stimulating beta-cells of the pancreas to release insulin.

Glutathione oxidized (L(-)-Glutathione) is a GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.