CD38 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.3 kDa and the accession number is P56528.

Involved in the organization of myofibers. Together with KRT8, helps to link the contractile apparatus to dystrophin at the costameres of striated muscle. KRT19 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 48.2 kDa and the accession number is P08727.

CD38 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 29.80 kDa and the accession number is NP_031672.2.

Involved in the organization of myofibers. Together with KRT8, helps to link the contractile apparatus to dystrophin at the costameres of striated muscle. KRT19 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 48 kDa and the accession number is P08727.

SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Protein (T19R & T95I & E156G & 157-158 deletion & L452R & T478K & D614G & P681R, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 76.23 kDa and the accession number is YP_009724390.1.

Keratin 19 (K19) belongs to the keratin family of proteins, which maintains structural integrity of epithelia. In cancer, K19 is highly expressed in several types where it serves as a diagnostic marker.

SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Protein (T19R & T95I & G142D & Y145H & E156G & 157-158 deletion & A222V & L452R & T478K & D614G & P681R, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 76.29 kDa and the accession number is YP_009724390.1.

SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 NTD Protein (T19R & T95I & G142D & 156-157 deletion & R158G, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.10 kDa and the accession number is A0A6G7K2L4.

Natural killer cell receptor 2B4 (2B4/CD244)is a 66 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the SLAM subgroup of the CD2 protein family. SLAM family proteins have an extracellular domain (ECD) with two or four Ig-like domains and at least two cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs (ITSMs). 2B4 interacts with CD48, while other SLAM family proteins interact in a homophilic manner. The mouse 2B4 cDNA encodes a 397 amino acid (aa) precursor that includes a 19 aa signal sequence, a 207 aa ECD with one Ig-like V-type and one C2-type Ig-like domain, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 150 aa cytoplasmic domain with four ITSMs. Within the ECD, mouse 2B4 shares 46% and 68% aa sequence identity with human and rat 2B4, respectively. 2B4/CD48 signaling cooperates with other receptor systems to either promote or inhibit NK and CD8+ T cell activation. The inhibitory activities are distinct from those of MHC I restricted inhibitory NK cell receptors. Ligation of 2B4 with antibodies or CD48 constructs can directly trigger inhibitory signaling or disrupt an inhibitory interaction, leading to cellular activation. 2B4 can also induce signaling through CD48.

The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses contains protrusions that will only bind to certain receptors on the host cell. Known receptors bind S1 are ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; APN, aminopeptidase N; CEACAM, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1; Sia, sialic acid; O-ac Sia, O-acetylated sialic acid. The spike is essential for both host specificity and viral infectivity. The term 'peplomer' is typically used to refer to a grouping of heterologous proteins on the virus surface that function together. The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent of the infection process. It's been reported that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 coronavirus, 2019-nCoV) can infect the human respiratory epithelial cells through interaction with the human ACE2 receptor. The spike protein is a large type I transmembrane protein containing two subunits, S1 and S2. S1 mainly contains a receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for recognizing the cell surface receptor. S2 contains basic elements needed for the membrane fusion. The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity. The main functions for the Spike protein are summarized as: Mediate receptor binding and membrane fusion; Defines the range of the hosts and specificity of the virus; Main component to bind with the neutralizing antibody; Key target for vaccine design; Can be transmitted between different hosts through gene recombination or mutation of the receptor binding domain (RBD), leading to a higher mortality rate.

Noggin is a secreted homodimeric glycoprotein that is an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Mouse Noggin cDNA encodes a 232 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with 19 aa residue putative signal peptide that is cleaved to generate the 213 aa residue mature protein which is secreted as a homodimeric glycoprotein. Secreted Noggin probably remains close to the cell surface due to its binding of heparin-containing proteoglycans. Noggin binds some BMPs such as BMP4 with high affinity and others such as BMP7 with lower affinity. It antagonizes BMP bioactivities by blocking epitopes on BMPs that are needed for binding to both type I and type II receptors. Noggin is expressed in defined areas of the adult central nervous system and peripheral tissues such as lung, skeletal muscle and skin. During culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) or neural stem cells under certain conditions, addition of Noggin to antagonize BMP activity may allow stem cells to proliferate while maintaining their undifferentiated state, or alternatively, to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons.