l-isoleucine

L-Isoleucine (Ile) is an essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

(2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine (Hydroxyisoleucine) from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds is a potential insulinotropic (anti-diabetic) and anti-obesity amino acid that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, activates insulin receptor substrate-associated phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase activity, and reduces plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol.

L-Alloisoleucine (L-allo-Isoleucine) is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereoisomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 μmol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD.

4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-Hydroxy-L-isoleucine) has antidepressant-like, antidyslipidemic, and antihyperglycemic effects. It displays an insulinotropic activity.

H-Abu-OH (L-α-amino-n-Butyric acid) , also known as (S)-2-aminobutanoic acid, homoalanine, 2-AABA, ethylglycine, or L-butyrine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. H-Abu-OH is a non-proteogenic amino acid that can be found in the human kidney, in liver tissues, and in most biofluids or excreta (e.g. feces, breast milk, urine, and blood). Within the cell, H-Abu-OH is primarily located in the cytoplasm. H-Abu-OH is biosynthesized by transaminating oxobutyrate, a metabolite in isoleucine biosynthesis. As a non-proteogenic amino acid, H-Abu-OH can be used by nonribosomal peptide synthases.

L-Aspartic acid (Aspatofort) is a non-essential amino acid in humans, L-Aspartic acid has an overall negative charge and plays an important role in the synthesis of other amino acids and in the citric acid and urea cycles. Asparagine, arginine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and some nucleotides are synthesized from aspartic acid. L-Aspartic acid also serves as a neurotransmitter.