lap 1

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) family members are secreted in inactive complexes with a latency-associated peptide (LAP), a protein derived from the N-terminal region of the TGFβ gene product. Extracellular activation of these complexes is a critical step in regulation of TGFβ function in vivo. The TGFβ1 LAP is a ligand for the integrin αvβ6 and that αvβ6-expressing cells induce spatially restricted activition of TGFβ1. And LAP identifies a novel CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cell subset with TGFbeta-mediated function and enhanced suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

HSP90 alpha Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 22.6 kDa and the accession number is K9JA46.

HSPA8, also known as HSC70, is a member of the heat shock protein family due to homology with other heat shock proteins. The heat shock protein 70 family is comprised of both heat-inducible and constitutively expressed members. The latter are called heat-shock cognate proteins. HSPA8 belongs to the heat-shock cognate subgroup. Members of the human heat-shock protein multigene family have several highly conserved proteins with structural and functional properties in common but vary in the extent of their inducibility in response to metabolic stress. HSPA8 is constitutively expressed and performs functions related to normal cellular processes. This protein binds to nascent polypeptides to facilitate correct protein folding. It also functions as an ATPase in the disassembly of clathrin-coated vesicles during the transport of membrane components through the cell. Two alternatively spliced variants have been characterized to date. HSPA8 acts as a repressor of transcriptional activation. It inhibits the transcriptional coactivator activity of CITED1 on Smad-mediated transcription. Isoform 2 may function as an endogenous inhibitory regulator of HSC70 by competing with the co-chaperones. It also is an ATPase that works with Auxilin to remove clathrin-coated vesicles. In neurons, synaptojanin is also an important protein involved in vesicle uncoating.

Latent TGF beta 1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.4 kDa and the accession number is A0A499FJK2.

Transforming Growth Factor β-1 (TGFβ-1) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-β family. TGFβ-1 is abundantly expressed in bone, articular cartilage and chondrocytes and is increased in osteoarthritis (OA). TGFβ-1 performs many cellular functions, including the control of cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. The precursor is cleaved into a latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a mature TGFβ-1 peptide. TGFβ-1 may also form heterodimers with other TGFβ family members. It has been found that TGFβ-1 is frequently upregulated in tumor cells. Mutations in this gene results in Camurati-Engelmann disease.

Latent TGF beta 1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.4 kDa and the accession number is A0A499FJK2.

Growth Differentiation Factor 5(GDF-5, BMP-14) is a member of the BMP family of TGFβ superfamily proteins. Human GDF-5, -6, and -7 are a defined subgroup of the BMP family. GDF-5 is synthesized as a homodimeric precursor protein consisting of a 354 amino acid (aa) Nterminal proregion and a 120 aa C-terminal mature peptide. Mature human GDF-5 shares 99% aa sequence identity with both mature mouse and rat GDF-5. GDF-5 signaling is mediated by formation of a heterodimeric complex consisting of a type 1 (BMPR-IB) and a type II (BMPR-IIor Activin RII) serine/threonine kinase receptor which results in the phosphorylation and activation of cytosolic Smad proteins (Smad1, 5, and 8). GDF-5 is involved in multiple developmental processes including limb generation, cartilage development, joint formation, bone morphogenesis, cell survival, and neuritogenesis. Inhibition of GDF-5 expression or alteration of its signaling can facilitate the development of osteoarthritis.

HSP90 alpha Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 87.06 kDa and the accession number is NP_005339.3.

Aminopeptidase N/CD13 Protein, Human, Recombinant (I603M, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 104.2 kDa and the accession number is A0A024RC61.

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a 150-180kDa calcium-sensitive protein that is secreted as a disulfide-linked homotrimer. TSP-1 regulates a wide range of cellular functions including their interactions with other cells and with the extracellular matrix (ECM). TSP-1 contains an N-terminal Laminin G-like globular domain, an extended central region with one vWFC domain, 3 TSP type 1domains, 2 EGF-like domains, and 8 TSP type3 domains, and a globular TSP C-terminal domain. Distinct regions of TSP-1 have been associated with binding to particular ECM or cellular molecules. TSP-1 counteracts the angiogenic, hypotensive, and antithrombotic effects of nitric oxide (NO). It binds and neutralizes VEGF, blocks VEGF R2 signaling on vascular endothelial cells(EC), and destabilizes adhesive contacts between EC. TSP-1 also plays an important role in wound repair and tissue fibrosis by binding latent TGF-beta and inducing release of the active cytokine from the latency associated peptide (LAP).

Transforming growth factor beta 3(TGFB3) is a member of a TGF -β superfamily which is defined by theirstructural and functional similarities. TGFB3 is secreted as a complex with LAP. This latent form of TGFB3becomes active upon cleavage by plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin -1, and a subset ofintegrins. It binds with high affinity to TGF- β RII, a type II serine/threonine kinase receptor. TGFB3 is involved incell differentiation, embryogenesis and development.It is believed to regulate molecules involved in cellularadhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation during the process of palate development. Without TGF-β3,mammals develop a deformity known as a cleft palate.

Integrin alpha-V:beta-8 (ITGAV:ITGB8) is a receptor for fibronectin. It recognizes the sequence R-G-D in its ligands. Integrin alpha-V:beta-6 (ITGAV:ITGB6) mediates R-G-D-dependent release of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) from regulatory Latency-associated peptide (LAP), thereby playing a key role in TGF-beta-1 activation on the surface of activated regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Required during vasculogenesis. ITGB8 Protein, Rabbit, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.9 kDa and the accession number is P26013.

CXCR4 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 39.75 kDa and the accession number is P61073-1.

Key regulator of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) specifically required for microglia function in the nervous system. Required for activation of latent TGF-beta-1 in macrophages and microglia: associates specifically via disulfide bonds with the Latency-associated peptide (LAP), which is the regulatory chain of TGFB1, and regulates integrin-dependent activation of TGF-beta-1. TGF-beta-1 activation mediated by LRRC33/NRROS is highly localized: there is little spreading of TGF-beta-1 activated from one microglial cell to neighboring microglia, suggesting the existence of localized and selective activation of TGF-beta-1 by LRRC33/NRROS. Indirectly plays a role in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling: ability to inhibit TLR-mediated NF-kappa-B activation and cytokine production is probably a consequence of its role in TGF-beta-1 signaling (Probable).

Stathmin1 (STMN1) is a cytosolic phosphoprotein that regulates cellular microtubule dynamics and is known to have oncogenic activity. STMN1 is a possible biomarker for paclitaxel sensitivity and poor prognosis in GC and could be a novel therapeutic target in metastatic GC. STMN1 expression might serve as a biomarker for determining patient atypical meningioma prognosis. Stathmin1 (STMN1) is a cytosolic protein involved in microtubule dynamics through inhibition of tubulin polymerization and promotion of microtubule depolymerization, which has been implicated in carcinogenesis and aggressive behavior in multiple epithelial malignancies. Stathmin 1 (STMN1) suppression was reported to reduce cellular viability and migration potential. STMN1 may be a promising candidate for targeted therapies in PDAC.