map-2

MPK5 Protein, Japonica rice, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 48.0 kDa and the accession number is Q10N20.

Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1 are the 2 MAPKs which play an important role in the MAPK/ERK cascade. They participate also in a signaling cascade initiated by activated KIT and KITLG/SCF. Depending on the cellular context, the MAPK/ERK cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK/ERK cascade plays also a role in initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors. About 160 substrates have already been discovered for ERKs. Many of these substrates are localized in the nucleus, and seem to participate in the regulation of transcription upon stimulation. However, other substrates are found in the cytosol as well as in other cellular organelles, and those are responsible for processes such as translation, mitosis and apoptosis. Moreover, the MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of the endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC); as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis. The substrates include transcription factors (such as ATF2, BCL6, ELK1, ERF, FOS, HSF4 or SPZ1), cytoskeletal elements (such as CANX, CTTN, GJA1, MAP2, MAPT, PXN, SORBS3 or STMN1), regulators of apoptosis (such as BAD, BTG2, CASP9, DAPK1, IER3, MCL1 or PPARG), regulators of translation (such as EIF4EBP1) and a variety of other signaling-related molecules (like ARHGEF2, FRS2 or GRB10). Protein kinases (such as RAF1, RPS6KA1/RSK1, RPS6KA3/RSK2, RPS6KA2/RSK3, RPS6KA6/RSK4, SYK, MKNK1/MNK1, MKNK2/MNK2, RPS6KA5/MSK1, RPS6KA4/MSK2, MAPKAPK3 or MAPKAPK5) and phosphatases (such as DUSP1, DUSP4, DUSP6 or DUSP16) are other substrates which enable the propagation the MAPK/ERK signal to additional cytosolic and nuclear targets, thereby extending the specificity of the cascade.

Astrocyticphosphoprotein PEA-15 (PEA15) is a death effector domain (DED)-containing protein. PEA15 is mainly expressed in the central nervous system, principally in astrocytes. Increased PEA15 levels affect tumorigenesis and cancer progression. PEA15 is overexpressed in breast cancers and gliomas as well as in type 2 diabetes. PEA15 blocks Ras-mediated inhibition of integrin activation and modulates the ERK MAP kinase cascade. PEA15 also inhibits RPS6KA3 activities by holding it in the cytoplasm. In addition, PEA15 inhibits both TNFRSF6 and TNFRSF1A mediated CASP8 activity and apoptosis. At present, PEA15 expression is also a significant prognostic marker in ovarian cancer.

MASP2 Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Rat, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.7 kDa and the accession number is A2VCV7.

Protects DNA from oxidative damage by sequestering intracellular Fe(2+) ion and storing it in the form of Fe(3+) oxyhydroxide mineral. One hydrogen peroxide oxidizes two Fe(2+) ions, which prevents hydroxyl radical production by the Fenton reaction. Required for the survival in the presence of oxidative stress. Dps is also a virulence factor that activates neutrophils, mast cells and monocytes. It binds to neutrophil-glycosphingolipids and to sulfated carbohydrates on mucin. It might have a role in the accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes at the site of infection. Induces superoxide anion generation, adhesion and chemotaxis of neutrophils, through a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway involving MAP kinases.

Dual specific phosphatase 14 / MAP-kinase phophatase-6 (DUSP14 / MKP6) is a member of Dual-specificity phosphatases that is a subclass of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) families that can dephosphorylate bothe phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine / phosphothreonine residues in substrates. Unlike many other DUSPs, DUSP14 only contains a catalytic domain within the C-terminal region. In signal transduction, DUSP14 has been considered as negative regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) / extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 / 2 (ERK 1 / 2) pathway. DUSP14 phosphatase activity has been confirmed to be inhibited by PTP inhibitor Ⅳ. PTP inhibitor binds to the catalytic site of DUSP14. PTP inhibitor Ⅳ effectively and specifically inhibited DUSP14-mediated dephosphorylation of JNK, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family through dephosphorylation of both the Ser / Thr and Tyr residues of MAPKs.

Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2, also known as MAP kinase kinase 2, MAPKK2, ERK activator kinase 2, MAPK / ERK kinase 2, MEK2 and MAP2K2, is a member of the protein kinase superfamily, STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family and MAP kinase kinase subfamily. MAP2K2 / MEK2 contains one protein kinase domain. MEK1 and MEK2 (also known as MAP2K1 and MAP2K2, respectively) are evolutionarily conserved, dual-specificity kinases that mediate Erk1 and Erk2 activation during adhesion and growth factor signaling. MAP2K1 / MEK1 is a crucial modulator of Mek and Erk signaling and have potential implications for the role of MEK1 and MEK2 in tumorigenesis. MAP2K2 / MEK2 catalyzes the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in MAP kinases. It also activates the ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases. Defects in MAP2K2 are a cause of Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome (CFC Syndrome) which is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, heart defects, and mental retardation. Heart defects include pulmonic stenosis, atrial septal defects, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Cancer ImmunotherapyImmune CheckpointImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) belongs to the IL-1 superfamily. IL33 is highly expressed in endothelial venules found in tonsils, Peyer patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, but almost undetectable in placenta. IL33 induces the production of T helper-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines. IL-33 is a cytokine that mediates its biological effects by binding to and signals through IL1RL1/ST2 and IL-1 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL1RAP), activating intracellular molecules in the NF-κB and MAP kinase signaling pathways that drive production of type 2 cytokines from polarized Th2 cells.

The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory disease syndrome (SARS) is not fully understood. One case-control study has reported an association between susceptibility to SARS and mannan-binding lectin (MBL) in China. As the downstream protein of MBL, variants of the MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP2) gene may be associated with SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in the same population.

Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-2, also known as 9 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2, MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 1c, MAPK-activated protein kinase 1c, Ribosomal S6 kinase 3, RSK-3, RPS6KA2 and MAPKAPK1C, is a nucleus protein that belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family and S6 kinase subfamily. RPS6KA2 / RSK-3 is expressed in many tissues. Highest expression is in lung and skeletal muscle. The expression of RPS6KA2 reduced proliferation, caused G1 arrest, increased apoptosis, reduced levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and altered other cell cycle proteins. RPS6KA2 / RSK-3 contains one AGC-kinase C-terminal domain and two protein kinase domains. It forms a complex with either ERK1 or ERK2 in quiescent cells. It transiently dissociates following mitogenic stimulation. RPS6KA2 / RSK-3 is a serine/threonine kinase that may play a role in mediating the growth-factor and stress induced activation of the transcription factor CREB. RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2, RPS6KB1, RPS6KB2, and PDK1 are involved in several pathways central to the carcinogenic process, including regulation of cell growth, insulin, and inflammation.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8), also known as JNK1, is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation, and development. The protein kinases JNK1 has been found to serve as critical molecular links between obesity, metabolic inflammation, and disorders of glucose homeostasis. It is critically involved in the promotion of diet-induced obesity, metabolic inflammation, and beta-cell dysfunction. The selective deficiency of JNK1 in the murine nervous system is sufficient to suppress diet-induced obesity. Genetic analysis indicates that the effects of JNK1 can be separated from the effects of JNK1 on obesity. JNK1 is a potential pharmacological target for the development of drugs that might be useful for the treatment of metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, JNK1 plays a major role in hypoxic cellular damage. JNK1 protein might be an attractive target for anti-hypoxic therapy in increasing resistance to many pathological conditions and diseases, leading to the oxygen deficit.

MASP2 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.8 kDa and the accession number is A0A2K5UJY0.

Tyrosine kinase substrate that inhibits growth-factor-mediated activation of MAP kinase. Negatively regulates hematopoiesis of bone marrow. Inhibits fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-induced retinal lens fiber differentiation, probably by inhibiting FGF-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Attenuates actin stress fiber formation via inhibition of TESK1-mediated phosphorylation of cofilin. Inhibits TGFB-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lens epithelial cells. SPRED1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-SUMO and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 70.3 kDa and the accession number is Q7Z699.

METAP2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 54.3 kDa and the accession number is A0A140VJE3.

XG, Gene ID 7499, stands for Xg glycoprotein or Xg blood group. The XG blood group system includes 2 antigens: Xga and CD99 (encoded by the MIC2 gene). The XG blood group is the first blood group mapped to the human X chromosome. XG is very essential in genome mapping and whole-genome sequencing. In other words, it is an important tool used to examine the human X chromosome as a marker to map sex-linked traits and to help define mechanisms underlying sex chromosome disorders.

B-cell linker protein, also known as B-cell adapter containing a SH2 domain protein, B-cell adapter containing a Src homology 2 domain protein, Cytoplasmic adapter protein, Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 65 kDa, SLP-65 and BLNK, is a cytoplasm and cell membrane protein which contains oneSH2 domain. BLNK is expressed in B-cell lineage and fibroblast cell lines. Highest levels of expression is in the spleen, with lower levels in the liver, kidney, pancreas, small intestines and colon. BLNK functions as a central linker protein that bridges kinases associated with the B-cell receptor (BCR) with a multitude of signaling pathways, regulating biological outcomes of B-cell function and development. BLNK plays a role in the activation of ERK / EPHB2, MAP kinase p38 and JNK. BLNK modulates AP1 activation. It is important for the activation of NF-kappa-B and NFAT. BLNK plays an important role in BCR-mediated PLCG1 and PLCG2 activation and Ca2+mobilization and is required for trafficking of the BCR to late endosomes. BLNK may be required for the RAC1-JNK pathway. It plays a critical role in orchestrating the pro-B cell to pre-B cell transition. BLNK also plays an important role in BCR-induced B-cell apoptosis.Defects in BLNK are the cause of agammaglobulinemia type 4 (AGM4) which is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by profoundly low or absent serum antibodies and low or absent circulating B cells due to an early block of B-cell development.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8, also known as Cancer Osaka thyroid oncogene, Proto-oncogene c-Cot, Serine/threonine-protein kinase cot, Tumor progression locus 2 and MAP3K8, is a cytoplasm protein that belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family and MAP kinase kinase kinase subfamily. MAP3K8 is expressed in several normal tissues and human tumor-derived cell lines. Isoform 1 of MAP3K8 is activated specifically during the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. MAP3K8 is required for TLR4 activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. It can activate NF-kappa-B 1 by stimulating proteasome-mediated proteolysis of NF-kappa-B 1/p15. MAP3K8 plays a role in the cell cycle. The longer form has some transforming activity, although it is much weaker than the activated cot oncoprotein. MAP3K8 oncogene linked to human endometrial carcinoma suggesting that it may be another molecule involved in human endometrial cancer. MAP3K8 may also be an important mediator of intracellular mechanotransduction in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E-Binding Protein 2 (EIF4EBP2) is a member of the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Binding Protein Family. EIF4EBP2 regulates eIF4E activity by preventing its assembly into the eIF4F complex, mediates the regulation of protein translation by hormones, growth factors and other stimuli that signal through the MAP kinase pathway. This regulation of is associated to cell proliferation, cell differentiation and viral infection. Phosphorylated EIF4EBP2 on serine and threonine residues in response to insulin, EGF and PDGF.

Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-interacting protein 1(PIK3IP1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3IP1 gene.It is a negative regulator of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), suppresses the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The gene encoding PIK3IP1 maps to human chromosome 22, which houses over 500 genes and is the second smallest human chromosome. Mutations in several of the genes that map to chromosome 22 are involved in the development of Phelan-McDermid syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 2, autism and schizophrenia.

MASP2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.7 kDa and the accession number is A2VCV7.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 2, also known as B lymphocyte serine/threonine-protein kinase, Germinal center kinase, MAPK/ERK kinase kinase kinase 2, MEK kinase kinase 2, Rab8-interacting protein, and MAP4K2, is cytoplasm and peripheral membrane protein that belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family and STE2 subfamily. MAP4K2 contains one CNH domain and one protein kinase domain. Although this kinase is found in many tissues, its expression in lymphoid follicles is restricted to the cells of the germinal center, where it may participate in B-cell differentiation. MAP4K2 can be activated by TNF-alpha and has been shown to specifically activate MAP kinases. It is also found to interact with TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), which is involved in the activation of MAP3K1 / MEKK1. MAP4K2 enhances MAP3K1 oligomerization, which may relieve amino-terminal mediated MAP3K1 autoinhibition and lead to activation following autophosphorylation. It may also play a role in the regulation of vesicle targeting or fusion.

Mouse Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a 30 kDa proinflammatory cytokine which may also regulates gene transcription in producer cells. IL-33 is constitutively expressed in smooth muscle and airway epithelia. IL-33 was identified based on sequence and structural homology with IL-1 family cytokines. It is up‑regulated in arterial smooth muscle, dermal fibroblasts, and keratinocytes following IL-1 alpha or IL‑1 beta stimulation. IL-33 is structurally related to IL-1, which induces helper T cells to produce type 2 cytokines and acts through the receptor IL1RL-1. BindingIL-33 to this receptor activates NF-kappa-B and MAP kinases and induces in vitro Th2 cells to produce cytokines. In vivo, IL-33 induces the expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and also leads to severe pathological changes in mucosal organs.

Melanotransferrin is typically overexpressed in melanoma cells compared to other cell types - including cancer cells - and is efficiently sorted and secreted with nanovesicles, or so-called exosomes, due to its membrane-anchoring by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol. Melanotransferrin is exposed on the surface of exosomes and is accessible for antibody recognition.

MASP2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.6 kDa and the accession number is Q91WP0.

Ragulator complex protein LAMTOR2, also known as Endosomal adaptor protein p14, Late endosomal/lysosomal Mp1-interacting protein, Late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor and MAPK and MTOR activator 2, Mitogen-activated protein-binding protein-interacting protein, Roadblock domain-containing protein 3, LAMTOR2, MAPBPIP, and ROBLD3, is a protein which belongs to the GAMAD family. LAMTOR2 / ROBLD3 is a regulator of the TOR pathway, a signaling cascade that promotes cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. As part of the Ragulator complex, LAMTOR2 / ROBLD3 recruits the Rag GTPases and the mTORC1 complex to lysosomes, a key step in the activation of the TOR signaling cascade by amino acids. LAMTOR2 / ROBLD3 is an adapter protein that enhances the efficiency of the MAP kinase cascade facilitating the activation of MAPK2. Defects in LAMTOR2 are the cause of immunodeficiency due to defects in MAPBP-interacting protein (ID-MAPBPIP). This form of primary immunodeficiency syndrome includes congenital neutropenia, partial albinism, short stature, and B-cell and cytotoxic T-cell deficiency.

PAK3 is a member of PAK proteins, a family of serine/threonine p21-activating kinases, serve as effectors of small Rho GTPases Cdc42 and RAC and have been implicated in a wide range of biological activities. There are six mammalian PAKs which can be divided into two groups: group I PAKs (PAK1-3) and group II PAKs (PAK4-6). Although the two PAK groups are architecturally similar there are differences in their mode of regulation suggesting their cellular functions are likely to be different. Group I p21-activated kinases (PAK1/2/3) is demonstrated as ERK3/ERK4 activation loop kinases. It has been shown that group I PAKs phosphorylate ERK3 and ERK4 on Ser-189 and Ser-186, respectively, both in vitro and in vivo, and that expression of activated Rac1 augments this response. Besides regulation enzymatic activation of ERK3/ERK4, PAKs can also play roles in downstream activation of MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) in vivo. Thus, the group I PAKs act as upstream activators of ERK3 and ERK4 and unravel a novel PAK-ERK3/ERK4-MK5 signaling pathway. In clinical, PAK has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target in schwannomas.

STK40 is localized to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. It is ubiquitously expressed. Mechanistically, Stk40 interacts with Rcn2, which also activates Erk1/2 to induce ExEn specification in mouse ESCs. Stk40 is able to activate the Erk/MAPK pathway and induce extraembryonic-endoderm (ExEn) differentiation in mouse ESCs. Interestingly, cells overexpressing Stk40 exclusively contribute to the ExEn layer of chimeric embryos when injected into host blastocysts. In contrast, deletion of Stk40 in ESCs markedly reduces ExEn differentiation in vitro. STK40 has a central serine/threonine protein kinase domain and is homologous to TRB-3, a protein that regulates activation of MAP kinases and inhibits NFκB-mediated gene transcription. Similarly, overexpression of STK40 inhibits NFκB activation triggered by TNF and also inhibits p53-mediated transcription. There are four named isoforms of STK40 that are produced as a result of alternative splicing.

RAF1 gene is the cellular homolog of viral raf gene (v-raf). The encoded protein is a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), which functions downstream of the Ras family of membrane associated GTPases to which it binds directly. Once activated, the cellular RAF1 protein can phosphorylate to activate the dual specificity protein kinases MEK1 and MEK2, which in turn phosphorylate to activate the serine/threonine specific protein kinases, ERK1 and ERK2. Activated ERKs are pleiotropic effectors of cell physiology and play an important role in the control of gene expression involved in the cell division cycle, apoptosis, cell differentiation and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are associated with Noonan syndrome 5 and LEOPARD syndrome 2.Cancer ImmunotherapyImmune CheckpointImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy