Famotidine (MK-208) is a propanimidamide and histamine H2-receptor antagonist with antacid activity. As a competitive inhibitor of histamine H2-receptors located on the basolateral membrane of the parietal cell, famotidine reduces basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion, resulting in a reduction in gastric volume, acidity, and amount of gastric acid released in response to various stimuli.

Desmopressin acetate (16679-58-6 free base) (DDAVP) is the synthetic analog of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin. Vasopressin Receptor The antidiuretic properties of desmopressin have led to its use in polyuric conditions including primary nocturnal enuresis, nocturia, and diabetes insipidus. Desmopressin acetate (16679-58-6 free base) works by limiting the amount of water that is eliminated in the urine. Desmopressin acetate (16679-58-6 free base) binds to V2 receptors in renal collecting ducts, increasing water reabsorption. It also stimulates the release of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells by acting on the V2 receptor.

Lupitidine hydrochloride inhibits nocturnal acid secretion.

Crovalimab (SKY59; RO7112689) is a novel humanized antibody designed to target C5 in a pH-dependent manner, demonstrating binding affinities (KD) of 15.2 nM and 16.8 μM at pH levels of 7.4 and 5.8, respectively. Additionally, it shows high affinity for human FcRn at pH 6.0, with a KD of 17 μM. By blocking C5 cleavage by C5 convertase and inhibiting the activity of a C5 variant (p.Arg885His), Crovalimab effectively prevents the formation of C5b-9 across the classical (CP), lectin (LP), and alternative (AP) complement pathways. This characteristic highlights its potential utility in research concerning paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and other complement-mediated diseases.

Iptacopan hydrochloride (LNP023 hydrochloride) is an orally bioavailable, highly potent and highly selective factor B inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 nM. Iptacopan hydrochloride shows direct, reversible, and high-affinity binding to human factor B with a KD of 7.9 nM.

AGN-201904Z is a slowly absorbed, acid-stable pro-proton pump inhibitor (pro-PPI) rapidly converted to omeprazole in the systemic circulation giving a prolonged residence time. AGN 201904-Z produced a significantly greater, and nocturnal acid suppression

Complement component C3 plays a particularly versatile role in this process by keeping the cascade alert, acting as a point of convergence of activation pathways, fueling the amplification of the complement response, exerting direct effector functions, and helping to coordinate downstream immune responses[3]. In C3-/- mice alcohol-induced liver steatosis is absent or strongly reduced after chronic or acute alcohol exposure. This suggests that the complement system and its component C3 contribute to the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver and its consequences[4].AMY-101 TFA (Cp40 TFA) is a peptidic inhibitor of the central complement component C3 (KD: 0.5 nM). It shows a favorable anti-inflammatory activity in models with COVID-19 severe pneumonia with systemic hyper inflammation[5].a daily subcutaneous dose of AMY-101 (4 mg/kg bodyweight) was protective against NHP periodontitis, suggesting that patients treated for systemic disorders (e.g., paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria) can additionally benefit in terms of improved periodontal condition[6].Plasma concentrations of both C3 and Cp40 were measured periodically and complete saturation of plasma C3 was confirmed. No differences in hematological, biochemical, or immunological parameters were identified in the blood or tissues of animals treated with Cp40 when compared to those injected with vehicle alone. Further, skin wounds showed no signs of infection in those treated with Cp40.Cp40 treatment was associated with a trend toward accelerated wound healing when compared with the control group. In addition, a biodistribution study in a rhesus monkey indicated that the distribution of Cp40 in the body is associated with the presence of C3, concentrating in organs that accumulate blood and produce C3[7].

Danicopan (ACH-4471) (ACH-4471) is a selective, orally active small molecule factor D inhibitor with high binding affinity to human factor D, with a Kd value of 0.54 nM. Danicopan (ACH-4471) inhibits the activity of the complement replacement pathway (APC) and may block the complement replacement pathway in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS).

Cisapride tartrate is chemically related to metoclopramide, but unlike metoclopramide, it does not cross the blood-brain barrier or have antidopaminergic effects. Cisapride is a serotonin-4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist. Cisapride was indicated for the symptomatic treatment of adult patients with nocturnal heartburn due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in America stopped the marketing of cisapride as of 14th July 2000. They had received at least 341 reports of heart rhythm abnormalities and these led to 80 deaths. Other reported adverse effects are: headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation. Cisapride for animals has been found helpful in some cases of megaesophagus and is a common treatment for feline megacolon. Clarithromycin, erythromycin, and troleandomycin markedly inhibit the metabolism of cisapride. Concurrent administration of certain anticholinergic compounds, such as belladonna alkaloids and dicyclomine, would be e......

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene, a natural product secreted by Silene latifolia, is an effective pollinator for the nocturnal moth Hadena bicruris.