pacap (1 38), human, ovine, rat

PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide 38), is a neuropeptide comprising 38 amino acid residues.

PACAP (1-38), a novel neuropeptide isolated from the bovine hypothalamus is more active than vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in stimulating adenylate cyclase (EC50=7 nM). PACAP 1-38 (10-9 M) increased substance P (SP), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP),

Adropin (34-76) (human, mouse, rat) is a peptide that attenuates liver fibrosis and insulin resistance independent of obesity or food intake.

Carperitide acetate (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (1-28), human, porcine Acetate), a 28-amino acid hormone, is naturally produced and released by the human heart upon cardiac injury or mechanical stretch. This compound effectively inhibits the secretion of endothelin-1 in a dose-dependent manner.

C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) (1-22), human acetate is an agonist of natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B), an endothelial-derived relaxant and growth inhibitory factor. C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) (1-22), human acetate inhibits cAMP synthesis stimulated by histamine and 5-HT or directly by Forskolin.

Gastrin I (1-14), human, is the 1-14 peptide fragment of human gastrin I, an endogenous gastrointestinal peptide hormone, and is the primary hormonal regulator of gastric acid secretion.

Hemokinin 1 (human) acetate is an endogenous substance P homolog that is a selective agonist at the tachykinin NK1 receptor (IC50 values are 1.8, 370 and 480 nM for NK1, NK3 and NK2 receptors respectively). Has proliferative and antiapoptotic actions on B

PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat acetate is an activator of PAC1 receptor. PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat acetate demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal NPY and catecholamine production and can

ANP (1-11), rat acetate (Atrial natriuretic factor (1-11) acetate) is one of the atrial natriuretic factors, inhibitors of CRF-stimulated ACTH secretion.

PACAP 1-38 acetate is a pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) analogue. PACAP 1-38 acetate binds to PACAP type I receptor(IC50 = 4 nM) and PACAP type II VIP2 receptor(IC50 = 1 nM) but not to PACAP type II, VIP1 receptor.

Amyloid β Peptide (42-1)(human) acetate is the inactive form of Amyloid β Peptide (1-42). Amyloid β Peptide (42-1)(human) acetate is a 42-amino acid peptide which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

Ac-Endothelin-1 (16-21), human acetate, the principal peptide of the endothelin family, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities in both vascular and nonvascular tissues. The C-terminal fragment, which is a highly conserved sequence in th

β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) acetate, existing in the hypophysis cerebri and hypothalamus, exhibits antinociception activity. β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) acetate is an agonist of opioid receptor, showing preferred affinity for μ-opioid receptor and δ-opioid

GnRH Associated Peptide (GAP) (1-13), human Acetate was found to be a potent inhibitor of prolactin secretion and to stimulate the release of gonadotropins. Active immunization with peptides corresponding to GAP sequences led to greatly increased prolacti

BNP (1-32), human is a brain natriuretic peptide

β-Amyloid (1-42), acetate (human) is a peptide consisting of 42 amino acids that is part of β-Amyloid and is commonly used in Alzheimer's disease modeling.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-10), human acetate is a fragment of adrenocorticotropin hormone. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-10), human acetate possesses a weak α-MSH potency only at 100 and 1000 nM.

RFRP-1 (human) acetate is a potent endogenous NPFF receptor agonist (EC50 values are 0.0011 and 29 nM for NPFF2 and NPFF1, respectively). Attenuates contractile function of isolated rat and rabbit cardiac myocytes. Reduces heart rate, stroke volume, eject

Endothelin 1 (swine, human) acetate is a synthetic peptide with the sequence of human and swine Endothelin 1. Endothelin 1 is a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor and acts through two types of receptors ETA and ETB.

VIP(6-28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine) acetate is an antagonist of the actions of exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor on cAMP in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG).

Cortistatin 14, human, rat acetate is a neuropeptide having structural similarity to somatostatin-14 and shows anticonvulsive, neuroprotective effects and remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. Cortistatin 14, human, rat acetate binds and exerts its fun

PACAP (6-38), human, ovine, rat acetate is a potent PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50s of 30, 600, and 40 nM for PACAP type I receptor, PACAP type II receptor VIP1, and PACAP type II receptor VIP2, respectively.

Angiotensinogen (1-14), human acetate is a fragment of angiotensinogen which is a passive substrate of the renin-angiotensin system.

Beta-MSH (1-22) (human) acetate (Beta-MSH (1-22) (human) acetate (17908-57-5 Free base)) , is an endogenous melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) agonist.

MART-1 (26-35) (human) [MART-1 (26-35) human] is a peptide fragment of the MART-1 protein.

Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat, is a hippocampal galanin receptor agonist (Kd = 3 nM) exhibiting high biological activity on locus coeruleus neurons.

Enterostatin, human, mouse, rat acetate is a pentapeptide mainly formed in the intestine by the cleavage of secreted pancreatic procolipase.

MCH(human, mouse, rat) is a potent endogenous agonist at melanin-concentration hormone (MCH) receptors (IC50 values are 0.3 and 1.5 nM and EC50 values are 3.9 and 0.1 nM at MCH1 and MCH2 receptors respectively). Increases food intake in vivo.

Galanin (1-30), human acetate (Galanin ) is a 30-amino acid neuropeptide. Galanin (1-30), human acetate acts as an agonist of GalR1 and GalR2 receptors, with Kis of both 1 nM.

PACAP (1-27), human, ovine, rat acetate (PACAP 1-27 acetate) is a novel neuropeptides originally isolated from bovine hypothalamus, also found in humans and rats.

Biotin-β-Amyloid (1-42), human TFA, also known as Biotin-Amyloid β-Peptide (1-42) (human) TFA, is a biotin-labeled 42-amino acid peptide implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

β-Amyloid (1-42), human, is a 42-amino acid peptide integral to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) (1-22), human, is the 1-22 fragment of the parent C-Type Natriuretic Peptide.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-39), human, is an agonist of the melanocortin receptor.

Angiotensin I (human, mouse, rat) is the precursor to the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II, cleaved by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). This peptide hormone causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure as part of the renin–angiotensin system, also stimulating aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys.

PACAP (1-27), human, ovine, rat TFA (PACAP 1-27 TFA), an N-terminal fragment of PACAP-38, is an effective PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 3 nM for rat PAC1, 2 nM for rat VPAC1, and 5 nM for human VPAC2.

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

PAR2 (1-6) is a synthetic peptide agonist of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that corresponds to residues 1-6 of the amino terminal tethered ligand sequence of mouse and rat PAR2. It also corresponds to residues 39-44 and 37-42 of the mouse and rat full-length sequences, respectively. PAR2 (1-6) induces relaxation in precontracted rat arteries in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that can be reduced by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NNA . It inhibits keratinocyte growth in the presence and absence of growth factors. PAR2 (1-6) inhibits LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophil influx and increases in matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity in mice.

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (1-32), rat acetate (BNP (1-32), rat acetate) is a 32-amino acid polypeptide hormone synthesized by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to myocardial cell stretching (cardiomyocyte distension)[1].

Acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) is a neuropeptide found in rat hippocampus, brain stem, and pituitary. It is also present in the human hypothalamus, where it comprises approximately 4.9% of total β-endorphin peptides. Acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) is produced through posttranslational processing of β-endorphin and is processed similarly in rat and human hypothalamus. Levels of acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) increase in the rat pars intermedia and brain stem following chronic administration of haloperidol .

(Met(O)27)-Glucagon (1-29) (human, rat, porcine) is a modified glucagon exhibiting the same maximum glucose-synthesizing activity in rat hepatocytes as its native form, but with reduced potency, highlighting the importance of methionine in glucagon's attachment to hepatic receptors [1].

Human PTH-(1-31), the 1-31 fragment of human parathyroid hormone, stimulates cAMP release and mildly activates 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase. Unlike its full-length counterpart, it promotes bone formation without triggering bone resorption, making it a promising candidate for osteoporosis research [1] [2].

Acetyl-ACTH (4-24) (human, bovine, rat), a proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptide fragment, functions as an agonist at the MC-1 receptor [1]. This compound encompasses a sequence present in adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), the precursor for α-MSH, illustrating its significant role in the POMC peptide family.

Acetyl-ACTH (7-24) (human, bovine, rat) effectively inhibits corticosterone and aldosterone secretion triggered by ACTH stimulation [1].

Rat form of the beta-Amyloid (1-40) peptide

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) (3-36) is a C-terminal fragment of NPY, a neuropeptide involved in controlling appetite, blood pressure, cardiac contractility, and intestinal secretion. NPY (3-36) is an endogenous peptide produced by cleavage of NPY by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4). It binds selectively to the NPY receptor Y2 (Ki = 0.41 nM in CHP 234 cells) over the Y1 receptor, where it does not bind at concentrations up to 1 μM. NPY (3-36) (0.1 nM) increases migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by 80% after 12 hours in an in vitro wound closure assay. NPY (3-36) corresponds to residues 3-36 of the human and rat protein sequence.

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.