pacap (6 27) (human, chicken, mouse, ovine, porcine, rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) (6-27) is a PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 1,500, 600, and 300 nM, respectively, for rat PAC1, rat VPAC1, and human VPAC2 recombinant receptors expressed in CHO cells. It binds to PACAP receptors on SH-SY5Y and SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma and T47D human breast cancer cells (IC50s = 24.5, 106, and 105 nM, respectively) and inhibits cAMP accumulation induced by PACAP (1-38) (Kis = 457, 102, and 283 nM, respectively, in SH-SY5Y, SK-N-MC, and T47D cells). In vivo, in newborn pigs, PACAP (6-27) (10 μM) inhibits vasodilation of pial arterioles induced by PACAP (1-27) and PACAP (1-38) . It also inhibits PACAP (1-27)-stimulated increases in plasma insulin and glucagon levels and pancreatic venous blood flow in dogs when administered locally to the pancreas at a dose of 500 μg.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide (35-55), mouse, rat (MOG (35-55)), is a truncated peptide derived from the human Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG).

Adropin (34-76) (human, mouse, rat) is a peptide that mitigates liver fibrosis and insulin resistance, independent of obesity or food intake.

MOTS-c(Human) Acetate is a mitochondrial-derived peptide. MOTS-c(human) acetate induces the accumulation of AMP analog AICAR, increases activation of AMPK and expression of its downstream GLUT4. MOTS-c(human) acetate induces glucose uptake and improves insulin sensitivity. MOTS-c(human) acetate has implications in the regulation of obesity, diabetes, exercise, and longevity.

Orphan GPCR SP9155 agonist P550 (mouse, rat) acetate (Orphan GPCR SP9155 agonist P550 ) is a member of the RFamide peptide family with orexigenic effects.

ELA-11 (human) acetate high affinity apelin receptor agonist (Ki = 14 nM). Bioactive fragment of ELA-32. Inhibits forskolin-induced cAMP production and stimulates β-arrestin recruitment in vitro.

RFRP-3(human) acetate, a human GnIH peptide homolog, is a potent inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion by inhibiting Ca2+ mobilization. RFRP-3(human) acetate is a NPFF1 receptor agonist, it inhibits forskolin-induced production of cAMP with an IC50 of 0.7 n

PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat acetate is an activator of PAC1 receptor. PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat acetate demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal NPY and catecholamine production and can

Neuropeptide SF(mouse,rat) acetate (Neuropeptide SF(mouse,rat) acetate (230960-31-3 free base)) is a potent neuropeptide FF receptor agonist, Ki for NPFF1 and NPFF2 are 48.4 nM and 12.1 nM, respectively. Neuropeptide SF(mouse,rat) acetate (Neuropeptide SF(mouse,rat) acetate (230960-31-3 free base)) increases the amplitude of the sustained current of heterologously expressed acid sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3).

β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) acetate, existing in the hypophysis cerebri and hypothalamus, exhibits antinociception activity. β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) acetate is an agonist of opioid receptor, showing preferred affinity for μ-opioid receptor and δ-opioid

Urotensin II, mouse acetate (9047-55-6 free base) is an endogenous ligand for the orphan GPR14 or SENR. It is a potent vasoconstrictor.

PAMP-12 (human, porcine) acetate (PAMP-12 (human, porcine) acetate (196305-05-2 free base)) , a major component of ir-PAMP, is processed from the AM precursor, as is PAMP-20, and may participate in cardiovascular control.

PACAP (6-38), human, ovine, rat acetate is a potent PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50s of 30, 600, and 40 nM for PACAP type I receptor, PACAP type II receptor VIP1, and PACAP type II receptor VIP2, respectively.

Orexin B, rat, mouse Acetate (Rat orexin B) is an endogenous agonist at Orexin receptor with Kis of 420 and 36 nM for OX1 and OX2, respectively.

Cortistatin 14, human, rat acetate is a neuropeptide having structural similarity to somatostatin-14 and shows anticonvulsive, neuroprotective effects and remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. Cortistatin 14, human, rat acetate binds and exerts its fun

Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat, is a hippocampal galanin receptor agonist (Kd = 3 nM) exhibiting high biological activity on locus coeruleus neurons.

VIP(6-28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine) acetate is an antagonist of the actions of exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor on cAMP in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG).

PACAP (1-27), human, ovine, rat acetate (PACAP 1-27 acetate) is a novel neuropeptides originally isolated from bovine hypothalamus, also found in humans and rats.

Hemopressin (human, mouse) acetate is a nonapeptide derived from the α1-chain of hemoglobin, is originally isolated from rat brain homogenates. Hemopressin is orally active, selective and inverse agonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Hemopressin exerts an

MCH(human, mouse, rat) is a potent endogenous agonist at melanin-concentration hormone (MCH) receptors (IC50 values are 0.3 and 1.5 nM and EC50 values are 3.9 and 0.1 nM at MCH1 and MCH2 receptors respectively). Increases food intake in vivo.

Enterostatin, human, mouse, rat acetate is a pentapeptide mainly formed in the intestine by the cleavage of secreted pancreatic procolipase.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) peptide (35-55) , mouse, rat acetate is a MOG peptide (35-55) derivative. MOG peptide (35-55) is a part of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunogenic peptide and can be used to study immune-related diseases.

Motilin (26-47), human and pig are endogenous Motilin receptor ligands in Chinese hamster ovarian cell lines, with Ki and EC50 at 2.3 nM and 0.3 nM, respectively.

Angiotensin I (human, mouse, rat) is the precursor to the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II, cleaved by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). This peptide hormone causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure as part of the renin–angiotensin system, also stimulating aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys.

FibrinopeptideB,human is a 14-amino acid polypeptide released from the amino terminus of the fibrinogen segment.

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (1-20) (IRBP1-20), a dodecapeptide fragment of retinoid-binding protein 3, plays a crucial role in pigment regeneration by facilitating the transport of retinol and retinal between photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. It has been utilized to provoke autoimmune uveoretinitis in C57BL/6 mice, possessing the H-2b haplotype. Furthermore, IRBP1-20 at a concentration of 3 µM enhances the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 from primary mouse spleen lymphocytes. Immunization and subsequent rechallenge with IRBP1-20 lead to increased ear swelling, inflammation of ocular blood vessels, infiltration by immune cells, damage to the photoreceptor layer, and retinal detachment in IFN-γ-deficient mice.

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

PAR2 (1-6) is a synthetic peptide agonist of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that corresponds to residues 1-6 of the amino terminal tethered ligand sequence of mouse and rat PAR2. It also corresponds to residues 39-44 and 37-42 of the mouse and rat full-length sequences, respectively. PAR2 (1-6) induces relaxation in precontracted rat arteries in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that can be reduced by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NNA . It inhibits keratinocyte growth in the presence and absence of growth factors. PAR2 (1-6) inhibits LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophil influx and increases in matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity in mice.

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a neuropeptide that stimulates gastrin release. It binds to (Ki = 300 nM) and stimulates amylase secretion in rat pancreatic AR42J cells (EC50 = 0.3 nM). GRP increases proliferation of human liver carcinoma HepG2 and MHCC97H cells but does not affect the proliferation of normal HL-7702 liver cells at a concentration of 1 nM. In vivo, GRP (0.35 nmol/kg/h) increases both pancreatic exocrine secretion and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release in rats. It dose-dependently stimulates gastrin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, bilirubin, and acid output and induces gallbladder contraction in humans when administered at doses ranging from 1 to 27 pmol/kg per hour.

Acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) is a neuropeptide found in rat hippocampus, brain stem, and pituitary. It is also present in the human hypothalamus, where it comprises approximately 4.9% of total β-endorphin peptides. Acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) is produced through posttranslational processing of β-endorphin and is processed similarly in rat and human hypothalamus. Levels of acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) increase in the rat pars intermedia and brain stem following chronic administration of haloperidol .

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) (3-36) is a C-terminal fragment of NPY, a neuropeptide involved in controlling appetite, blood pressure, cardiac contractility, and intestinal secretion. NPY (3-36) is an endogenous peptide produced by cleavage of NPY by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4). It binds selectively to the NPY receptor Y2 (Ki = 0.41 nM in CHP 234 cells) over the Y1 receptor, where it does not bind at concentrations up to 1 μM. NPY (3-36) (0.1 nM) increases migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by 80% after 12 hours in an in vitro wound closure assay. NPY (3-36) corresponds to residues 3-36 of the human and rat protein sequence.

Brain-derived basic fibroblast growth factor (1-24) (brain-derived bFGF) is a peptide fragment of brain-derived bFGF. bFGF is a peptide produced in bovine brain that is protective in a rat model of pressure-induced retinal ischemia. bFGF (1-24) corresponds to amino acid residues 1-24 of the full length peptide.

Amyloid-β (25-35) (Aβ (25-35)) is an 11-residue fragment of the Aβ protein that retains the physical and biological characteristics of the full length peptide. It forms fibrils that react to thioflavin T and Congo red and are organized in a cross-β arrangement of β-strands similar to Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) fibrils. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) decreases the viability of rat adrenal PC12 cells. It also decreases the viability of primary rat cortical neurons at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 30 μM. In vivo, intracerebral injection of Aβ (25-35) (20 nmol) in rats induces lesions of neuronal and tissue loss. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) administered intracerebroventricularly to rats induces learning and memory impairments in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tests.

Orphan GPCR SP9155 agonist P550 (mouse, rat) (26RFa (mouse, rat)) is an RFamide peptide family member with an orexigenic effect, acting as the cognate ligand for the mouse orphan receptor GPR103, also known as SP9155 or AQ27.

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by pancreatic α-cells. Glucagon reduces the activity of HNF-4. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis. Glucagon enhances HNF4α phosphorylation.

Acetyl-ACTH (4-24) (human, bovine, rat), a proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptide fragment, functions as an agonist at the MC-1 receptor [1]. This compound encompasses a sequence present in adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), the precursor for α-MSH, illustrating its significant role in the POMC peptide family.

Acetyl-ACTH (7-24) (human, bovine, rat) effectively inhibits corticosterone and aldosterone secretion triggered by ACTH stimulation [1].

(Des-Glu5)-ACTH (1-24) (human, bovine, rat) is an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) analogue synthesized by the anterior pituitary gland to regulate cortisol and androgen production. This polypeptide tropic hormone variant differs from ACTH by the absence of glutamic acid at the fifth position.

Non-selective galanin receptor agonist (Ki values are 0.98, 1.48 and 1.47 nM for GAL1, GAL2 and GAL3 respectively). Anticonvulsant; prevents the occurrence of full kindled seizures in rats.

MCH (human, mouse, rat) TFA is a potent peptide agonist for MCH receptors, exhibiting binding IC50 values of 0.3 nM for MCH1R and 1.5 nM for MCH2R. It is particularly effective against MCH-2R in a CHO cell line, with functional activation EC50 values of 3.9 nM for MCH-1R and 0.1 nM for MCH-2R, as evidenced by intracellular calcium mobilization measured with FLIPR [1].

CART(62-76)(human,rat) TFA, a neuropeptide encompassing residues 62-76 of the CART peptide, exhibits neurotransmitter-like properties and modulates the striatal noradrenergic system, as well as the corticostriatal and hypothalamic serotoninergic (5-HT) systems in the rat brain [1].

PACAP (6-38), human, ovine, rat, is a potent and selective antagonist of PACAP 38, outperforming PACAP (6-27) in inhibiting PACAP-27-stimulated pituitary adenylate cyclase.

Carperitide acetate (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (1-28), human, porcine Acetate), a 28-amino acid hormone, is naturally produced and released by the human heart upon cardiac injury or mechanical stretch. This compound effectively inhibits the secretion of endothelin-1 in a dose-dependent manner.

GRP (14-27) (human, porcine, canine) serves as a ligand for bombesin receptors, with specific binding inhibited by GTP and GDP, but unaffected by GMP [1].

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

PACAP (1-27) (the N-terminal fragment of PACAP-38) is a novel neuropeptides originally isolated from bovine hypothalamus, also found in humans and rats.

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.

β-Endorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and opioid receptor agonist that preferentially binds to μ-opioid receptors. Produced by specific neurons within the central and peripheral nervous system, it is one of three endorphins synthesized in humans. It functions to alleviate stress, maintain homeostasis, and regulate neurological pain perception [1].

PAMP-12(human, porcine) TFA, a significant constituent of immunoreactive (ir)-PAMP, derives from the adrenomedullin precursor and functions as a potent hypotensive peptide involved in cardiovascular regulation [1].