pcresyl sulfate potassium

7-hydroxy Coumarin sulfate is a phase II metabolite of coumarin that can be used as an internal standard for the analysis of 7-hydroxy coumarin metabolism using GC- or LC-MS.

p-Cresyl sulfate potassium (p-Tolyl sulfate potassium salt) is a prototype protein-bound uremic toxin derived from the metabolites of tyrosine and phenylalanine through liver.

Indoxyl sulfate-d5 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of indoxyl sulfate by GC- or LC-MS. Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin and a metabolite of tryptophan. It is formed via sulfation of indole, an intermediate generated from tryptophan by intestinal bacteria, by the sulfotransferase (SULT) isoform 1A1 variant 2 (SULT1A1*2) in the liver. Indoxyl sulfate activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in HepG2 40/6 hepatoma cells (EC50 = 12.1 nM in a reporter assay). It also inhibits the organic anion transporter (OAT) isoforms OAT1 and OAT3 (Kis = 34.2 and 74.4 µM, respectively for the rat transporters) in S2 proximal tubule cells. Indoxyl sulfate (0.2 and 1 mM) increases superoxide anion and nitric oxide levels in isolated human mononuclear blood cells. It increases serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in the 5/6 nephrectomized rat model of chronic renal failure when administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg.

Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate (Potassium 3-indoxyl sulfate) is an agonist for the human Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) has recently emerged as a pathophysiological regulator of immune-inflammatory conditions and potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate has been shown to be a ligand for AhR. Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate is also a metabolite of tryptophan derived from dietary protein. Tryptophan is metabolized by intestinal bacteria into indole, which is absorbed into the blood and then further metabolized to indoxyl sulfate in the liver, which is normally excreted in urine. In chronic kidney disease patients where renal function is compromised, potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate can accumulate in serum as a uremic toxin, inducing oxidative stress and accelerating progression of the disease. Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate at 250 μM can induce the activation of NF-Κb, promoting the expression of both TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in proximal tubular cells of rats, which is associated with profibrotic activity.

Estrone sulfate potassium is an estrogen ester and conjugate, a natural endogenous steroid.

Aluminum potassium sulfate (Potassium Aluminium Sulfate) is used in the study of severe acute respiratory syndrome and may be used in the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Estradiol 3-sulfate 17β-Glucuronide potassium salt (Estradiol 3-sulfate 17-glucuronide potassium) is a naturally occurring estrogen that competitively inhibits MRP-mediated LTC transporter and can be used to study metabolic diseases.

Indoxyl sulfate is a metabolite of tryptophan, showing adverse effects on bones and the central nervous system, having been most frequently implicated as a contributor to renal disease progression and vascular disease