phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate

Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (Phorbol dibutyrate) is a PKC activator that inhibits α1-adrenoceptor-mediated positive inotropic effects in a concentration-dependent manner, induced by contraction of isolated rabbit vascular smooth muscle.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a member of the phorbol ester group of natural products, activates PKC, SphK, and NF-κB, and induces THP1 cell differentiation.

(±)12(13)-DiHOME is the diol form of (±)12(13)-EpOME , a cytochrome P450-derived epoxide of linoleic acid also known as isoleukotoxin. [1] It is formed from 12(13)-EpOME by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in neutrophils. [2] 12(13)-DiHOME is toxic to Sf21 cells expressing sEH and to lacZ-expressing control cells, unlike isoleukotoxin, which is only toxic to cells containing sEH.[1] [2] Levels of 12(13)-DiHOME are increased in rat spinal cord following burn injury, and it enhances cold tolerance, increases fatty acid uptake into brown adipocytes, and decreases serum triglyceride levels in mice. Levels are also elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in humans following exposure to biodiesel exhaust and in exhaled breath condensate in patients with allergic asthma following allergen exposure.[5] [6] Plasma levels of 12(13)-DiHOME are increased immediately following moderate-intensity exercise in mice and humans, an effect that can be prevented by brown adipose tissue removal in the mouse.[7]

Phorbol 13-acetate is a natural product for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is TN4768 and the CAS number is 32752-29-7.

13-epi-12-oxo Phytodienoic acid (13-epi-12-oxo PDA) is a lipoxygenase metabolite of α-linolenic acid in the leaves of green plants such as corn. ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants are substrates for plant lipoxygenases. 12-oxo PDA is one of the best studied end metabolites of this enzymatic pathway. While the initial enzymatic product and major isomer of 12-oxo PDA contains side chains in the cis position, both being β to the ring, the upper side chain attached at C-13, can and frequently does, isomerize when 12-oxo PDA is extracted, isolated, or stored. 13-epi-12-oxo PDA is the product of this isomerization.

12-Hydroxy-8(17),13-labdadien-16,15-olide is a natural product for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is TN2598 and the CAS number is 958885-86-4.

9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME is a linoleic acid-derived oxylipin that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It has been found in various plants and is produced in human eosinophils in a 15-lipoxygenase-dependent, soluble epoxide hydrolase-independent manner.1,59(S),12(S)13(S)-TriHOME inhibits antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 mast cells (IC50= 28.7 μg ml).2It inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in BV-2 microglia (IC50= 40.95 μM).3In vivo, 9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME (1 g animal) enhances the antiviral IgA and IgG antibody responses induced by a nasal influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine by 5.2- and 2-fold, respectively, in mice.4 1.Hamberg, M., and Hamberg, G.Peroxygenase-catalyzed fatty acid epoxidation in cereal seeds: Sequential oxidation of linoleic acid into 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acidPlant Physiol.110(3)807-815(1996) 2.Hong, S.S., and Oh, J.S.Inhibitors of antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells isolated from wheat branJ. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem.5569-74(2012) 3.Kim, C.S., Kwon, O.W., Kim, S.Y., et al.Five new oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensisLipids49(11)1151-1159(2014) 4.Shirahata, T., Sunazuka, T., Yoshida, K., et al.Total synthesis, elucidation of absolute stereochemistry, and adjuvant activity of trihydroxy fatty acidsTetrahedron62(40)9483-9496(2006) 5.Fuchs, D., Tang, X., Johnsson, A.-K., et al.Eosinophils synthesize trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) via a 15-lipoxygenase dependent processBiochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids1865(4)158611(2020)

The compound is extracted from Croton tiglium dried fruit.

4,5-Dioxo-4,5-seco-11(13)-cadinen-12-oic acid is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T125973.

(6S,9S,12S)-Benzyl 12-benzyl-9-isobutyl-2,2-dimethyl-4,7,10-trioxo-6-phenethyl-3-oxa-5,8,11-triazatridecan-13-oate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T66648 and the CAS number is 868540-15-2.

9.11(13)-Eremophiladien-12-oic acid is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T124368 and the CAS number is 69905-01-7.

Phorbol 12-tiglate, a derivative of Phorbol, which in turn is a hydrolyzed product of Croton oil, plays a role in tumor promotion through activation of protein kinase C. This compound and its related derivatives are employed in the construction of carcinogenic models for biomedical research [1].

12-oxo-13-HOME is an oxylipin derived from linoleic acid .1It is formedviaa 13-HpODE intermediate that is produced by lipoxygenase-mediated metabolism of linoleic acid.2,3,112-oxo-13-HOME has been found in corn and sunflower seedlings.4 1.Ogorodnikova, A.V., Gorina, S.S., Mukhtarova, L.S., et al.Stereospecific biosynthesis of (9S,13S)-10-oxo-phytoenoic acid in young maize rootsBiochim. Biophys. Acta1851(9)1262-1270(2015) 2.Veldink, G.A., and Vliegenthart, J.F.G.The enzymic conversions of 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9-trans-11-octadecadienoic acid into 13-hydroxy-12-oxo-cis-9-octadecenoic acidBiochem. J.110(4)58P(1968) 3.Gardner, H.W.Sequential enzymes of linoleic acid oxidation in corn germ: Lipoxygenase and linoleate hydroperoxide isomeraseJ. Lipid Res.11(4)311-321(1970) 4.Vick, B.A., and Zimmerman, D.C.Levels of oxygenated fatty acids in young corn and sunflower plantsPlant Physiol.69(5)1103-1108(1982)

(Rac)-Phorbol-12-(2-methylbutyrate), a natural product, can be isolated from croton oil [1].