phorbol 12,13dibutyrate

Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (Phorbol dibutyrate) is a PKC activator that inhibits α1-adrenoceptor-mediated positive inotropic effects in a concentration-dependent manner, induced by contraction of isolated rabbit vascular smooth muscle.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a member of the phorbol ester group of natural products, activates PKC, SphK, and NF-κB, and induces THP1 cell differentiation.

(Rac)-Phorbol-12-(2-methylbutyrate), a natural product, can be isolated from croton oil [1].

Phorbol 12-tiglate, a derivative of Phorbol, which in turn is a hydrolyzed product of Croton oil, plays a role in tumor promotion through activation of protein kinase C. This compound and its related derivatives are employed in the construction of carcinogenic models for biomedical research [1].