saccharin sodium hydrate

Saccharin, sodium salt hydrate is used in the food industry and for sweetening diabetes diet. It is also used as a synthetic sweet ignorance agent. Saccharin, sodium salt hydrate is the first generation′ synthetic sugar alternative that has been studied f

Balsalazide sodium hydrate (Balsalazide disodium) is an anti-inflammatory compound used in the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Balsalazide sodium hydrate is a new 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) containing prodrug. High dose Balsalazide sodium hydrate(3.0 g twice daily) was superior in maintaining remission in patients with ulcerative colitis compared with a low dose (1.5 g twice daily) or a standard dose of mesalazine (0.5 g three times daily). All three treatments were safe and well tolerated [1]. Balsalazide sodium hydrate is approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate active UC. It is efficacious for the induction of remission in mild to moderate UC and has a favorable safety profile, with the added advantages of greater efficacy of remission induction and rapidity of onset [2].

Alendronate sodium hydrate (MK 217) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, which is an effective inhibitor of bone resorption. It is utilized for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.

Ceftriaxone sodium hydrate is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.

Pantoprazole Sodium Hydrate (BY1023 (sodium hydrate)) is a proton pump inhibitor drug, used for short-term treatment of erosion and ulceration of the esophagus caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide (hydrate) is, like nitric oxide, an important gaseous mediator that has significant effects on the immunological, neurological, cardiovascular and pulmonary systems of mammals. Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide (hydrate) is an H2S donor commonly used in cellular and whole animal experimental systems. For example, it has been used to suggest that H2S promotes neutrophil migration, reduces airway inflammation, and protects neurites, heart, and intestine from chemical or ischemic-reperfusion damage.

D-Fructose-6-phosphate (sodium salt hydrate) is a sugar intermediate in the glycolytic pathway produced by the isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate by glucose phosphate isomerase, and is used in cancer research.

D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate is the intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. During glycolysis, it is produced by phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate by phosphofructokinase. The reverse reaction mediated by fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase-1 is one of the rate-limiting steps of gluconeogenesis. The same reaction occurs in the chloroplasts of plants, D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate as part of the reducing pentose phosphate cycle. Since cancer cells use glycolysis as a primary source of metabolic energy production, this pathway has become a major target for cancer chemotherapy.

Bromfenac sodium hydrate (Bromfenac monosodium salt sesquihydrate) is the sodium salt form of bromfenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Upon ophthalmic administration, bromfenac binds to and inhibits cyclooxygenase II (COX II), an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, which are prostaglandin (PG) precursors. By inhibiting PG formation, bromfenac prevents PG-induced inflammation, vasodilation, leukocytosis, disruption of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, increased vascular permeability, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).

Amfenac Sodium Hydrate is a non-steroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drug with acetic acid moiety.

Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate (Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salt monohydrate) has been used in a study to assess the effect of submicellar concentrations of bile salts on the lipid bilayer membrane.

Taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (Sodium taurocholate hydrate), formed by the conjugation of taurine with cholic acid, is the primary ingredient in the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is employed as a cholagogue and choleretic.

Metamizole sodium hydrate (Analgin) is a potent analgesic drug that has been demonstrated to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX). Target: COX Dipyrone is a potent analgesic and antipyretic drug that has been used clinically for more than 80 years.

Dicloxacillin Sodium hydrate is a narrow-spectrum β-Lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class, used to treat infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria.

Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate (Sodium taurodeoxycholate monohydrate), a hydrophilic bile salt, influences bile salt and biliary lipid secretion in rats.

UDP-Glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. This compound can be used for the formation of many glucuronides with various aglycones.1 1.Green, M.D., and Tephly, T.R.Glucuronidation of amine substrates by purified and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase proteinsDrug Metab. Dispos.26(9)860-867(1998)

L-Tartaric acid (L-(+)-Tartaric acid) sodium hydrate, an enantiomer of D-tartaric acid, is a white crystalline dicarboxylic acid found in plants like grapes and is a primary organic acid in wine. This compound functions as a flour bulking agent and food additive, interacting with sodium bicarbonate to generate carbon dioxide [1].

Avibactam sodium hydrate (NXL-104 hydrate) is a covalent and reversible inhibitor of β-lactamase that does not contain a β-lactam core. Avibactam sodium hydrate inhibits β-lactamase CTX-M-15 and TEM-1 with IC 50 s of 5 nM and 8 nM, respectively.

A-317491 sodium salt hydrate is a non-nucleotide P2X3 and P2X2 3 receptor antagonist that inhibits receptor-mediated calcium flux.

Cefsulodin is a β-lactam antibiotic that lyses actively-growingE. coliby binding specifically to the intermembrane proteins, penicillin-binding proteins 1a and b, whose transglycosylase and transpeptidase activities are involved in cell elongation and septation.1Cefsulodin has been used in combination with other β-lactam antibiotics, such as cefazolin as a strategy to circumvent drug resistance.2

α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in glycogen metabolism.1,2It is a precursor in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucose, the glucose donor in glycogen biosynthesis.2α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate can be formed during glycogen breakdownviaphosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase.1It can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is combined with CTP by α-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase to form CDP-glucose in the first step of CDP-D-tyvelose biosynthesis inS. typhi.3Bacterial sucrose phosphorylase converts sucrose and phosphate into D-fructose and α-D-glucose-1-phosphate.4 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen breakdown requires the interplay of several enzymesBiochemistry(2002) 2.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen is synthesized and degraded by different pathwaysBiochemistry(2002) 3.Koropatkin, N.M., and Holden, H.M.Molecular structure of ɑ-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase from Salmonella typhiJ. Biol. Chem.279(42)44023-44029(2004) 4.Goedl, C., Schwarz, A., Minani, A., et al.Recombinant sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides: Characterization, kinetic studies of transglucosylation, and application of immobilised enzyme for production of ɑ-Ｄ-glucose 1-phosphateJ. Biotechnol.129(1)77-86(2007)

Meclofenamate sodium is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, which can specifically inhibit chemokine-induced human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function: chemotaxis, degranulation, and superoxide anion free radical production.

Mifamurtide protects mice against herpes simplex virus type 2. It also is a macrophage activator.

Cromoglicic acid , cromolyn (USAN), cromoglycate (former BAN), or cromoglicate, is traditionally described as a mast cell stabilizer, and is commonly marketed as the sodium salt sodium cromoglicate or cromolyn sodium. This drug prevents the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine from mast cells. Because of their convenience (and perceived safety), leukotriene receptor antagonists have largely replaced it as the non-corticosteroid treatment of choice in the treatment of asthma. Cromoglicic acid requires administration four times daily, and does not provide additive benefit in combination with inhaled corticosteroids.

Sodium glycocholate hydrate is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T66376 and the CAS number is 338950-81-5.

5-Phospho-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) is a natural intermediate involved in the pentose phosphate pathway leading to purine, pyrimidine, and histidine metabolism. It is also an intermediate in the synthesis of plant hormones, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites from glucose. Several phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTases) use PRPP as a substrate to add a 5-phosphoribosyl group to another substrate, as in the production of adenosine monophosphate from adenine and PRPP by adenine PRTase. N/A

Adenosine 3’-monophosphate is a nucleotide and metabolite formedviahydrolysis of 2’,3’-cAMP by metal-dependent phosphodiesterases.1It reduces proliferation of rat preglomerular vascular smooth muscles cells (PGVSMCs) and glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that is abolished by the adenosine A2Breceptor antagonist MRS1754.2Adenosine 3’-monophosphate is also a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of adenosine .

Prasterone is an endogenous steroid hormone. Prasterone acts as an agonist at ERβ, NMDA, and σ1 receptors, a partial agonist at ERα and AR, and antagonist at GABA-A receptors. It displays a variety of biologocial activities, including enhancing working me

Betamethasone 21-phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid.1It prevents increases in macrophage and eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreases in blood leukocyte numbers in a guinea pig model of parainfluenza-3 viral infection when administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg but does not prevent airway hyperresponsiveness after infection.2Betamethasone 21-phosphate inhibits cell infiltration into the aqueous humor in a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis when administered topically or subcutaneously at doses of 0.01-1% or 1 mg/kg, respectively.3It increases maximal lung pressure volume curves in fetal sheep when administered to pregnant ewes at 0.75 gestation at doses of 80 and 170 μg/kg.1Betamethasone 21-phosphate increases body weight, impairs learning and memory, increases anxiolytic behavior, and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in CD-1 mice but reduces body weight and increases neurogenesis with no effect on anxiety in high-anxiety DBA/2 mice when administered at a dose of approximately 25 mg/kg per day in the drinking water for seven weeks.4Formulations containing betamethasone 12-phosphate and betamethasone acetate have been used in the treatment of severe allergic conditions and a variety of immune-related conditions. 1.Loehle, M., Schwab, M., Kadner, S., et al.Dose-response effects of betamethasone on maturation of the fetal sheep lungAm. J. Obstet. Gynecol.202(2)186.e181-186.e187(2010) 2.Leusink-Muis, A., Ten Broeke, R., Folkerts, G., et al.Betamethasone prevents virus-induced airway inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigsClin. Exp. Allergy29(Suppl. 2)82-85(1999) 3.Tsuji, F., Sawa, K., Kato, M., et al.The effects of betamethasone derivatives on endotoxin-induced uveitis in ratExp. Eye Res.64(1)31-36(1997) 4.Aiello, R., Crupi, R., Leo, A., et al.Long-term betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium treatment has distinct effects in CD1 and DBA/2 mice on animal behavior accompanied by opposite effects on neurogenesisBehav. Brain Res.278155-166(2015)

D-Mannose-6-Phosphate sodium salt hydrate is a multifunctional monosaccharide used in the study of metabolism, lysosomal delivery and cancer.

Palmoxirate sodium hydrate is a potent inhibitor of long-chain fatty acid oxidation.

Faropenem sodium hemipentahydrate is an orally administered beta-lactam antibiotic within the penem group, exhibiting resistance to certain types of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (beta-lactamase).

Liothyronine sodium hydrate (Triiodothyronine sodium hydrate) is a TRα and TRβ agonist and a thyroxine analog with anticancer and antitumor activities. It can be used to study hypothyroidism, stroke and cognitive dysfunction.

Indomethacin sodium hydrate (Indometacin sodium hydrate) is an orally active, competitive and reversible COX1 2 inhibitor with potential anti-inflammatory activity in induced migraines, induced gastrointestinal injuries, and may be used in studies of increased intracranial pressure secondary to severe traumatic brain injury and rheumatoid arthritis in adults.

Estrone-3-Glucuronide is a metabolite of the primary premenopausal estrogen 17β-estradiol .1,2Urinary levels of estrone-3-Glucuronide peak approximately 36 hours prior to ovulation and have been used as a marker of fertility in women. 1.Blackwell, L.F., Brown, J.B., and Cooke, D.Definition of the potentially fertile period from urinary steroid excretion rates. Part II. A threshold value for pregnanediol glucuronide as a marker for the end of the potentially fertile period in the human menstrual cycleSteroids63(1)5-13(1998) 2.Adlercreutz, H., Brown, J., Collins, W., et al.The measurement of urinary steroid glucuronides as indices of the fertile period in womenJ. Steroid Biochem.17(6)695-702(1982)

Cromolyn is a chromone complex that acts as a mast cell stabilizer, preventing the release of histamine. Its mechanism of action is thought to involve an interference with the antigen-stimulated calcium transport across the mast cell membrane, thereby inhibiting mast cell release of histamine, leukotrienes, and other substances that cause hypersensitivity reactions.

1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of the color additive pyranine.1It has been used to stabilize intermolecular interactions for the crystallization ofL. mexicanapyruvate kinase.2 1.Jitian, S., White, S.R., Yang, H.-H.W., et al.Conventional high-performance liquid chromatography versus derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of 1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt and 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt in the color additive D&C Green No. 8 (Pyranine)J. Chromatogr. A1324238-241(2014) 2.Morgan, H.P., McNae, I.W., Hsin, K.-Y., et al.An improved strategy for the crystallization of Leishmania mexicana pyruvate kinaseActa Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun.66(Pt 3)215-218(2010)

UDP-N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine is a natural nucleotide sugar that is used by glycosyltransferases to transfer N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues to substrates.1It is an important component of antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in fungi and lipopolysaccharide production in bacteria.2,3 1.Roseman, S.Reflections on glycobiologyJ. Biol. Chem.276(45)41527-41542(2001) 2.Kudo, F., and Eguchi, T.Biosynthetic genes for aminoglycoside antibioticsJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)62(9)471-481(2009) 3.Mulrooney, E.F., Poon, K.K., McNally, D.J., et al.Biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-L-fucosamine, a precursor to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O11J. Biol. Chem.280(20)19535-19542(2005)

Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A sodium hydrate is a precursor of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, which is closely related to the body's energy metabolism.

Tolmetin sodium dihydrate, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is a potent and orally active inhibitor of COX (cyclooxygenase). Its IC 50 values for human COX-1 and COX-2 are 0.35 μM and 0.82 μM, respectively [1] [2].

Gemcitabine monophosphate disodium salt is a monophosphate derivative of Gemcitabine.

Cacodylic acid, employed extensively in buffers for electron microscopy techniques and in introducing arsenic into proteins for single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) phasing in protein crystallography, has been found to elevate tumor formation risk in the bladder, kidney, liver, and thyroid gland of rats exposed to carcinogens, at concentrations starting from as low as 50 ppm for the bladder.

substrate of IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH)

Guanosine 5’-diphosphate (GDP) is a purine nucleotide and biosynthetic precursor of guanosine 5’-triphosphate .1It has been used to study the conformations of GTPases.2GDP (100 μM) activates sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR2B) linked to the inward-rectifier potassium channel 6.1 (Kir6.1) in HEK293T cells in a patch-clamp assay.3 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Biochemistry(2002) 2.Vetter, I.R., and Wittinghofer, A.The guanine nucleotide-binding switch in three dimensionsScience294(5545)1299-1304(2001) 3.Yamada, M., Isomoto, S., Matsumoto, S., et al.Sulphonylurea receptor 2B and Kir6.1 form a sulphonylurea-sensitive but ATP-insensitive K+ channelJ. Physiol.499(Pt 3)715-720(1997)

Uridine-5’-monophosphate (UMP) is a ribonucleotide.1It is formedviadecarboxylation of orotidine-5’-monophosphate (5’-OMP) by OMP decarboxylase. UMP is further phosphorylated by UMP-CMP kinase to form UDP and UTP during nucleic acid biosynthesis. Formulations containing UMP have been used as dietary supplements. 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Nucleotide BiosynthesisBiochemistry(2002)

Uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. This compound can be used for the formation of many glucuronides with various aglycones.1 1.Green, M.D., and Tephly, T.R.Glucuronidation of amine substrates by purified and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase proteinsDrug Metab. Dispos.26(9)860-867(1998)

Saccharin sodium is a type of artificial or nonnutritive sweetener. Saccharin sodium is used in the production of various foods and pharmaceutical products.

Mifamurtide TFA (MTP-PE TFA), a muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analog, acts as a nonspecific immunomodulator by activating macrophages and monocytes to stimulate the immune response. As an orphan agent and a specific NOD2 ligand, it is utilized as an insulin sensitizer and holds research potential in osteosarcoma [1][2][3].

Mifamurtide sodium is a drug against osteosarcoma, a kind of bone cancer mainly affecting children and young adults. It was approved in Europe in March 2009.

Mifamurtide is a drug against osteosarcoma, is an immunomodulator with antitumor effects.