spores

Chlorobutanol (Chlortran) is a chemical preservative, sedative hypnotic and weak local anaesthetic. It has Antibacterial and Antifungal properties. Chlorobutanol is typically used at a concentration of 0.5% where it lends long-term stability to multi-ingredient formulations.

Corypalmine is a kind of alkaloid from Coptis chinensis and purple chinensis, which has inhibitory effect on the germination of plant pathogenic spores and saprophytic fungi.

Lycopodine, a bioactive compound derived from Lycopodium clavatum spores, effectively inhibits the proliferation of HeLa cells through the induction of apoptosis. This process is mediated by caspase-3 activation. In refractory prostate cancer cells, Lycopodine triggers apoptosis by modulating 5-lipoxygenase and depolarizing the mitochondrial membrane potential, without altering p53 activity.

P1 is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including B. anthracis spores and Carbapenem-resistant strains of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae [1].

Phenol-d5 (2,3,4,5,6-d5) is a deuterated compound of Phenol. Phenol has a CAS number of 108-95-2. Phenol, is a toxic, colourless crystalline solid with a sweet tarry odor that resembles a hospital smell. It is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. It has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. Phenol is also used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hair dyes, and skin lightening preparations. It is also used in the production of drugs (it is the starting material in the industrial production of aspirin), weedkillers, and synthetic resins.

Germicidin A is a pyranone originally derived from S. viridochromogenes that acts as a reversible, autoregulative inhibitor of spore germination and hyphal elongation in the genus Streptomyces at concentrations as low as 200 pM. During germination, spores of Streptomyces excrete germicidin A along with other germicidin homologs, which inhibit germination of its own arthrospores. At higher concentrations, germicidin A can inhibit the porcine Na+/K+-activated ATPase (ID50 = 100 μM) and prevent the germination of the cress L. sativum.

Antifungal agent 66 (compound 10) demonstrates broad-spectrum antifungal activity against seven phytopathogenic fungal mycelia and provides significant inhibitory effects on the spores of B. cinerea, with an IC50 value of 47.7 μg mL [1].

Torilin is an inhibitor of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase, it (IC50 = 31.7 + - 4.23 microM) shows a stronger inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase than alpha-linolenic acid (IC50 = 160.3 + - 24.62 microM) but is weaker than finasteride (IC50 = 0.38 + - 0.06 microM). Torilin has immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, it inhibits inflammation by limiting TAK1-mediated MAP kinase and NF-κB activation, it can attenuate arthritis severity, modify leukocyte activations in dLNs or joints, and restore serum and splenocyte cytokine imbalances. Torilin inhibits melanin production in alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-activated B16 melanoma cells, with an IC(50) value of 25 microM. Torilin shows excellent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 spores and vegetative cells. Torilin has a potent anti-angiogenic activity both in vivo and in vitro, and it may have a strong activity to suppress tumorigenesis by inhibition of tumor invasion, it reverses multidrug-resistance in cancer cells, it can potentiate the cytotoxicities of adriamycin, vinblastine, taxol and colchicine against multidrug-resistant KB-V1 and MCF7 ADR cells.

Medicarpin-3-O-glucoside, a phytoalexin, inhibits the germination of G. intraradices spores and hyphal elongation.

Phenol-d6 is a deuterated compound of Phenol. Phenol has a CAS number of 108-95-2. Phenol, is a toxic, colourless crystalline solid with a sweet tarry odor that resembles a hospital smell. It is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. It has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. Phenol is also used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hair dyes, and skin lightening preparations. It is also used in the production of drugs (it is the starting material in the industrial production of aspirin), weedkillers, and synthetic resins.

Cholic acid anilide is a synthetic bile acid and derivative of cholic acid that inhibits the germination of C. difficile strain R20291 spores in vitro (IC50 = 1.8 μM).1 |1. Sharma, S.K., Yip, C., Esposito, E.X., et al. The design, synthesis, and characterizations of spore germination inhibitors effective against an epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Chem. 61(15), 6759-6778 (2018).

Ganosporeric acid A is a natural compound extracted from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum karst.