trolox

Trolox is a vitamin E analogue, used in reducing oxidative stress or damage.

(R)-Trolox is a water soluble vitamin E analogue and a competitive tyrosinase inhibitor (Ki value of 0.83 mM and a ID50 value of 1.88 mM).

(S)-Trolox, an analogue of vitamin E, substitutes the phytyl chain with a carboxyl group. This compound serves as a model substance in structural studies and as a standard for assessing antioxidant activity. Moreover, (S)-Trolox exhibits potent and specific neuroprotective and antioxidant properties.

Cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside is an anthocyanin antioxidant that has been found in eggplant. It scavenges radicals in a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay.

Thymohydroquinone (Thymoquinol) is a monoterpenoid phenolic compound found in thyme, oregano, and other plants in the labiaceae family. Thymohydroquinone inhibits cancer cell growth, reduces oxidative stress and modulates inflammatory responses, scoured 2, 2-diphenyl-1-PicrylHydrazyl radicals in a cell-free assay (IC50 = 2.4 μg ml), In the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) test at concentrations of 1.6 to 6.4 μg ml, Its Trolox value was 2.6. Thymus hydroquinone inhibited the growth of A2780, OVCAR-8 and CIS-A2780 ovarian cancer cells (IC50 were 3.1, 8.9 and 9.8 μM, respectively) and human ovarian immortalized epithelial cells (IC50 = 14 μM). It also inhibited Plasmodium falciparum in vitro (IC50 = 15.9 μM).

Ferroptocide, a thioredoxin (Trx) inhibitor and pleuromutilin derivative, exhibits inhibitory activity against Trx in ES-2 ovarian cancer cells at a concentration of 20 µM and demonstrates cytotoxicity towards these cells with an IC50 of 1.6 µM. At a dosage of 5 µM, it induces ferroptosis in ES-2 cells, which is mitigatable by the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO), the antioxidant Trolox, or the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1. Furthermore, it effectively reduces tumor volume in a 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma model with immunocompetent mice, but not in immunodeficient mice, when administered at 50 mg/kg bi-weekly.

Cytidine-5’-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (CDP-β-S), a non-hydrolyzable derivative of CDP exhibiting antioxidant activity, effectively scavenges free radicals as evidenced by its performance in the Trolox equivalent absorbance capacity (TEAC) assay at concentrations between 5 and 20 µM.

Resveratrol-3-O-sulfate is a metabolite of resveratrol . In U-937 cells stimulated with LPS, resveratrol-3-O-sulfate (1 μM) decreases the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by 61.2, 76.6, and 42.2%, respectively, and decreases the release of TNF-α and IL-6 to similar levels as resveratrol. It has antioxidant activity in a Trolox assay, dose-dependently decreases growth of Caco-2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells when used at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μM, and induces apoptosis at concentrations of 25 and 50 μM. Resveratrol-3-O-sulfate also displaces rosiglitazone from the outer mitochondrial protein mitoNEET (IC50 = 3.36 μM for the human protein), indicating that it binds to the thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) binding pocket.