udp-α-d-glucose sodium

UDP-α-D-Glucose is an endogenous nucleotide sugar involved in glycosyltransferase reactions in metabolism. It has been shown to bind the P2Y14receptor (EC50= 0.35 μM), an atypical P2Y receptor involved in the activation of dendritic cells and glial cells.1It can also bind to and activate GPR17, inducing oligodendrocyte differentiation at a maximal concentration of 100 μM.2 1.Jacobson, K.A., Ivanov, A.A., de Castro, S., et al.Development of selective agonists and antagonists of P2Y receptorsPurinergic Signal.5(1)75-89(2009) 2.Lecca, D., Trincavelli, M.L., Gelosa, P., et al.The recently identified P2Y-like receptor GPR17 is a sensor of brain damage and a new target for brain repairPLoS One3(10)(2008)

UDP-β-D-Glucose is the stereoisomer of UDP-α-D-glucose (sodium salt) . The activities of the UDP-β-D-glucose isomer are not known.

D-Glucose (Glucopyranose) is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

D-Glucose-13C6 (Dextrose-13C6) is an isotopic marker of D-Glucose, which can be used as a metabolic tracer for the study of metabolism-related diseases and metabolic processes of some substances in the body.

alpha-D-glucose (α-Dextrose) is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

D-Glucuronic acid sodium salt monohydrate (Sodium D-glucuronate) is a carboxylic acid and highly soluble in water. In humans, glucuronic acid is often linked to toxic or poisonous substances to allow for subsequent elimination, and to hormones to allow for easier transport.

In cells, D-Glucose 6-phosphate potassium salt (G6P) is generated when glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase or glucokinase or by the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase during glycogenolysis. G6P lies at the beginning of both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathways. It also can be stored as glycogen when blood glucose levels are high.

D-erythrose 4-sodium phosphate is the sodium phosphate of the monosaccharide erythrose. Erythritol is actually converted to D-erythrose 4-phosphate involving three isomerases.

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) is an analog of glucose, an inhibitor of glycolysis. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose has antiviral activity, as well as inhibitory cell proliferation and apoptosis-inducing activity.

D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium (Sodium D-lactate) is an organic acid. It is a chiral molecule, consisting of two optical isomers, L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, with the L-isomer being the most common in living organisms. D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium also is a microbial metabolite.

UDP-Glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. This compound can be used for the formation of many glucuronides with various aglycones.1 1.Green, M.D., and Tephly, T.R.Glucuronidation of amine substrates by purified and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase proteinsDrug Metab. Dispos.26(9)860-867(1998)

1,2,6-Tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose is a chemical compound that can be extracted from the plant Sanguisorba officinalis [1].

2-deoxy-D-Glucose-13C6is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by GC- or LC-MS. 2-deoxy-D-Glucose is a glucose antimetabolite and an inhibitor of glycolysis.1,2It inhibits hexokinase, the enzyme that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, as well as phosphoglucose isomerase, the enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.32-deoxy-D-Glucose (16 mM) induces apoptosis in SK-BR-3 cells, as well as inhibits the growth of 143B osteosarcoma cells cultured under hypoxic conditions when used at a concentration of 2 mg/ml.4,5In vivo, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (500 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in 143B osteosarcoma and MV522 non-small cell lung cancer mouse xenograft models when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin or paclitaxel .6 1.Kang, H.T., and Hwang, E.S.2-Deoxyglucose: An anticancer and antiviral therapeutic, but not any more a low glucose mimeticLife Sci.78(12)1392-1399(2006) 2.Aft, R.L., Zhang, F.W., and Gius, D.Evaluation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a chemotherapeutic agent: Mechanism of cell deathBr. J. Cancer87(7)805-812(2002) 3.Ralser, M., Wamelink, M.M., Struys, E.A., et al.A catabolic block does not sufficiently explain how 2-deoxy-D-glucose inhibits cell growthProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105(46)17807-17811(2008) 4.Liu, H., Savaraj, N., Priebe, W., et al.Hypoxia increases tumor cell sensitivity to glycolytic inhibitors: A strategy for solid tumor therapy (Model C)Biochem. Pharmacol.64(12)1745-1751(2002) 5.Zhang, X.D., Deslandes, E., Villedieu, M., et al.Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on various malignant cell lines in vitroAnticancer Res.26(5A)3561-3566(2006) 6.Maschek, G., Savaraj, N., Priebe, W., et al.2-deoxy-D-glucose increases the efficacy of adriamycin and paclitaxel in human osteosarcoma and non-small cell lung cancers in vivoCancer Res.64(1)31-34(2004)

α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in glycogen metabolism.1,2It is a precursor in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucose, the glucose donor in glycogen biosynthesis.2α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate can be formed during glycogen breakdownviaphosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase.1It can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is combined with CTP by α-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase to form CDP-glucose in the first step of CDP-D-tyvelose biosynthesis inS. typhi.3Bacterial sucrose phosphorylase converts sucrose and phosphate into D-fructose and α-D-glucose-1-phosphate.4 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen breakdown requires the interplay of several enzymesBiochemistry(2002) 2.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen is synthesized and degraded by different pathwaysBiochemistry(2002) 3.Koropatkin, N.M., and Holden, H.M.Molecular structure of ɑ-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase from Salmonella typhiJ. Biol. Chem.279(42)44023-44029(2004) 4.Goedl, C., Schwarz, A., Minani, A., et al.Recombinant sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides: Characterization, kinetic studies of transglucosylation, and application of immobilised enzyme for production of ɑ-Ｄ-glucose 1-phosphateJ. Biotechnol.129(1)77-86(2007)

5-Phospho-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) is a natural intermediate involved in the pentose phosphate pathway leading to purine, pyrimidine, and histidine metabolism. It is also an intermediate in the synthesis of plant hormones, alkaloids, and other secondary metabolites from glucose. Several phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTases) use PRPP as a substrate to add a 5-phosphoribosyl group to another substrate, as in the production of adenosine monophosphate from adenine and PRPP by adenine PRTase. N/A

UDP-a-D-Galactose disodium salt is a donor substrate for galactosyltransferases employed in the biosynthesis of galactose-containing oligosaccharides[1].

D-myo-Inositol-1,3-phosphate (Ins(1,3)P) is a member of the inositol phosphate (InsP) molecular family that play critical roles as small, soluble second messengers in the transmission of cellular signals. The most studied InsP, Ins(1,4,5)P3 is a second messenger produced in cells by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate. Binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum results in opening of the calcium channels and an increase in intracellular calcium. Ins(1,3)P2 can be dephosphorylated to Ins(1)P by inositol polyphosphate 3-phosphatase and further dephosphorylated to inositol by inositol monophosphatase.

ADP-Glucose (ADPG) is an immediate precursor used in the biosynthesis, by glucose addition, of storage polysaccharides in plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria, as well as structural polysaccharides in certain bacteria.[1],[2] It is used by amylose synthases or starch synthases in plastids in the production of amylose, amylopectins, starch, and other polysaccharides. ADPG is normally generated within plastids, although it can be biosynthesized in the cytoplasm of certain grasses and imported into plastids by a membrane-bound transporter.[3]

D-myo-Inositol-1,3,4,5-tetraphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)-P4) is formed by the phosphorylation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate 3-kinase. Ins(1,3,4,5)-P4 increases intracellular calcium levels by two distinct mechanisms: opening calcium channels on both the endoplasmic reticulum to release calcium from internal stores and on the plasma membrane to allow the influx of calcium from outside the cell.

D-glucose 6-phosphate is glucose that is phosphorylated on the carbon 6 hydroxyl group.

α-D-Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate is abis-phosphorylated derivative of α-D-glucose that has roles in carbohydrate metabolism.1It is the product of the reaction of glucose-1- or 6-phosphate with glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase (PGM2LI) in the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate.2It is also a cofactor for the bacterial enzyme phosphopentomutase.3,4α-D-Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate has been used in the study of carbohydrate metabolism. 1.Beitner, R.Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in extrahepatic tissues; comparison with fructose 2,6-bisphosphateInt. J. Biochem.22(6)553-557(1990) 2.Maliekal, P., Sokolova, T., Vertommen, D., et al.Molecular identification of mammalian phosphopentomutase and glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase, two members of the α-D-phosphohexomutase familyJ. Biol. Chem.282(44)31844-31851(2007) 3.Moustafa, H.M.A., Zaghloul, T.I., and Zhang, Y.-H.P.A simple assay for determining activities of phosphopentomutase from a hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritimaAnal. Biochem.50175-81(2016) 4.Panosian, T.D., Nannemann, D.P., Watkins, G.R., et al.Bacillus cereus phosphopentomutase is an alkaline phosphatase family member that exhibits an altered entry point into the catalytic cycleJ. Biol. Chem.286(10)8043-8054(2011)

The inositol phosphates are a family of mono- to poly-phosphorylated compounds that act as messengers, regulating cellular functions including cell cycling, apoptosis, differentiation, andmotility. D-myo-Inositol-1,5,6-triphosphate is an intermediate compound, produced by the dephosphorylation of various inositol-tetrakisphosphate forms. The triphosphate can be further metabolized to produce inositol-biphosphate mediators. The biological roles of D-myo-inositol-1,5,6-triphosphate remain to be determined.

4,6-Benzilidine-D-Glucose is a clinical antitumor compound showing antitumor activity in rats with chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Kaempferol 3,7-bis(α-L-rhamnose-D-glucose) (compound 1), a flavonoid glycoside, is present in Euonymus fortunei.

D-myo-Inositol-1,4,6-phosphate (Ins(1,4,6)-P3) is a member of the inositol phosphate (InsP) family that play critical roles as small, soluble second messengers in the transmission of cellular signals. The most studied InsP, Ins(1,4,5)-P3, is a second messenger produced in cells by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate. Binding of Ins(1,4,5)-P3 to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum results in opening of the calcium channels and an increase in intracellular calcium. Ins(1,4,6)-P3 (tested as the meso compound) is 9-fold less potent than Ins(1,4,5)-P3 at initiating Ca2+ release when injected into Xenopus oocytes.

D-myo-Inositol-1,4,5,6-tetrahosphate (sodium salt) (Ins(1,4,5,6)-P4) is one of several different inositol oligophosphate isomers implicated in signal transduction. Production of Ins(1,4,5,6)-P4 by intestinal epithelial cells increases approximately 2-14 fold, depending on the strain and incubation time, following infection with Salmonella.[1] D-myo-Inositol-1,4,5,6-tetraphosphate (sodium salt) (Ins(1,4,5,6)-P4) is one of several different inositol oligophosphate isomers implicated in signal transduction. Production of Ins(1,4,5,6)-P4 by intestinal epithelial cells increases approximately 2-14 fold, depending on the strain and incubation time, following infection with Salmonella. Ins(1,4,5,6)-P4 antagonizes epidermal growth factor (EGF) signalling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Ins(1,4,5,6)-P4 (tested as the D/L racemic mixture) is ~1,000-fold less potent than Ins(1,4,5)-P3 at initiating Ca2+ release when injected into Xenopus oocytes.[2]

2-Keto-D-Glucose (D-Glucosone) is a key intermediate in a secondary metabolic pathway leading to the antibiotic Cortalcerone. It is found in various natural sources, including fungi, algae, and shellfish.

1-thio-β-D-Glucose is an analog of β-D-glucose in which sulfur replaces the hydroxyl group at the one position. The thiol group allows diverse chemical reactions, including click chemistry and polymerization. 1-thio-β-D-Glucose can be labeled with technetium-99m for analytical and diagnostic procedures. It can also be used as a substrate for glucose oxidase, which leads to the production of 1-thio-β-D-gluconic acid.

Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt (UDP-Glucose sodium salt) is an endogenous nucleotide sugar involved in glycosyltransferase reactions in Metabolism. It is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor (EC50 = 0.35 μM). It can also bind to and activate GPR17, inducing oligodendrocyte differentiation at a maximal concentration of 100 μM.

UDP-β-S, serving as a specific agonist for the purinergic P2Y6 receptor, effectively promotes inositol phosphate accumulation in 1321N1 cells containing P2Y6 receptors, with an EC50 value of 28 nM. This selectivity is evident when compared to its effects on cells expressing P2Y1, P2Y2, or P2Y4 receptors, where a concentration of 10 µM is used. Additionally, at a concentration of 1 µM, UDP-β-S stimulates DNA synthesis in isolated rat aorta smooth muscle cells.

1-thio-β-D-Glucose tetraacetate is a building block.1,2It has been used in the synthesis of aromatic glucosinolates with anti-inflammatory activity, as well as glucosylated poly(pentafluorostyrene) derivatives for coating magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. 1.Vo, Q.V., Trenerry, C., Rochfort, S., et al.Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of aromatic glucosinolatesBioorg. Med. Chem.21(19)5945-5954(2013) 2.Babiuch, K., Wyrwa, R., Wagner, K., et al.Functionalized, biocompatible coating for superparamagnetic nanoparticles by controlled polymerization of a thioglycosidic monomerBiomacromolecules12(3)681-691(2011)

Ins(1,2)P2 (sodium salt) is one of the many inositol phosphate (InsP) isomers that could act as small, soluble second messengers in the transmission of cellular signals. The most studied InsP Ins(1,4,5)P3, is a second messenger produced in cells by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate. Binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum results in opening of the calcium channels and an increase in intracellular calcium. Ins(1,2)P2 (tested as the D/L racemic mixture) is ~1,000-fold less potent than Ins(1,4,5)P3 at initiating Ca2+ release when injected into Xenopus oocytes.

2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-Glucose (2-FG) is a derivative of glucose with anticancer activity.1It inhibits the growth of 143B osteosarcoma cells grown under normoxic and hypoxic conditions when used at concentrations of 6 and 24 mM.

2-Deoxy-2-sulfoamino-D-glucose sodium (GlcN-2S) is possible to effect reaction at arthritis.

Azido-PEG4-beta-D-glucose is a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based linker compound essential for the efficient synthesis of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs)[1].

Propargyl-PEG2-beta-D-glucose is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) derived linker compound specifically designed for the synthesis of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs)[1].

D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium salt is a compound widely present in biological systems. It is a molecule formed when glucose undergoes phosphorylation at the 6th carbon. This compound participates in various metabolic regulatory pathways within the body, including the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis.

2-O-cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucose can be used in related research in the field of life sciences and its product number is TN6485.

D-Mannose-6-Phosphate sodium salt hydrate is a multifunctional monosaccharide used in the study of metabolism, lysosomal delivery and cancer.

Sodium D-mannuronate, derived from the seaweed Macrocystis pyrifera, shows promise as a therapeutic agent in studies of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA), nephrotic syndrome, and acute glomerulonephritis [1].

1-O-p-Coumaroyl-β-D-glucose, a compound extractable from Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem (sponge gourds) [1] [2], has been found to enhance glucose uptake in HuH7 cells.

4,6-O-Ethylidene-α-D-glucose (Ethylidene-glucose), a derivative of glucose, serves as a competitive inhibitor for the exofacial binding site of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), exhibiting a Ki of 12 mM against wild-type 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport.

6-Deoxy-D-glucose is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T124253.

α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate disodium salt is converted into D-glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase.

UDP-N-acetyl-D-Glucosamine is a natural nucleotide sugar that is used by glycosyltransferases to transfer N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues to substrates.1It is an important component of antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in fungi and lipopolysaccharide production in bacteria.2,3 1.Roseman, S.Reflections on glycobiologyJ. Biol. Chem.276(45)41527-41542(2001) 2.Kudo, F., and Eguchi, T.Biosynthetic genes for aminoglycoside antibioticsJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)62(9)471-481(2009) 3.Mulrooney, E.F., Poon, K.K., McNally, D.J., et al.Biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-L-fucosamine, a precursor to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O11J. Biol. Chem.280(20)19535-19542(2005)

Isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucose-7-O-β-D-gentiobioside is a natural product for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is TN4324 and the CAS number is 60778-00-9.

β-D-Glucose pentaacetate (Penta-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose) is a natural product.

D-Glucose-1,2-13C2 is the 13C labeled compound of D-Glucose. D-Glucose has a CAS number of 50-99-7. D(+)-Glucose is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Limocitrin 3-β-D-glucose is a flavonoid glycoside.

Propargyl-PEG4-tetra-Ac-beta-D-glucose, a PEG-based PROTAC linker, facilitates the synthesis of PROTACs[1].