verrucarin a

Verrucarin A (Muconomycin A) is a Type D macrocyclic mycotoxin. Verrucarin A (VA), derived from the pathogen fungus Myrothecium verrucaria, is a protein synthesis inhibitor that inhibits the growth of leukemia cell lines and activates caspases, apoptosis, and inflammatory signaling in macrophages. It effectively increases the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and diminishes the phosphorylation of ERK Akt. Additionally, Verrucarin A causes cell cycle deregulation through the induction of p21 and p53 [1] [2].

Verrucarin J (Muconomycin B), derived from the Myrothecium fungus family, effectively generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, including A549, HCT 116, and SW-620. Besides its anticancer properties, it exhibits antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Mucor miehei. Furthermore, it notably inhibits the arenavirus Junin (JUNV) yield with an IC 50 of 1.2 ng/mL.