vip(6 28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine)

VIP(6-28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine) acetate is an antagonist of the actions of exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor on cAMP in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG).

VIP(6-28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine) is a potent antagonist that effectively counteracts the effects of exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling.

Adropin (34-76) (human, mouse, rat) is a peptide that attenuates liver fibrosis and insulin resistance independent of obesity or food intake.

MOTS-c(Human) Acetate is a mitochondrial-derived peptide. MOTS-c(human) acetate induces the accumulation of AMP analog AICAR, increases activation of AMPK and expression of its downstream GLUT4. MOTS-c(human) acetate induces glucose uptake and improves insulin sensitivity. MOTS-c(human) acetate has implications in the regulation of obesity, diabetes, exercise, and longevity.

ELA-11 (human) acetate high affinity apelin receptor agonist (Ki = 14 nM). Bioactive fragment of ELA-32. Inhibits forskolin-induced cAMP production and stimulates β-arrestin recruitment in vitro.

Prepro VIP (111-122), human acetate is a prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)–derived peptide, corresponding to residues 111-122.

PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat acetate is an activator of PAC1 receptor. PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat acetate demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal NPY and catecholamine production and can

Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat is a hippocampal galanin receptor agonist(Kd = 3 nM) with high biological activity on locus coeruleus neurons.

PAMP-12 (human, porcine) acetate (PAMP-12 (human, porcine) acetate (196305-05-2 free base)) , a major component of ir-PAMP, is processed from the AM precursor, as is PAMP-20, and may participate in cardiovascular control.

Apelin-17 (human, bovine) acetate is an endogenous apelin receptor agonist. Potently inhibits forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation (pIC50 = 9.94).

Cortistatin 14, human, rat acetate is a neuropeptide having structural similarity to somatostatin-14 and shows anticonvulsive, neuroprotective effects and remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. Cortistatin 14, human, rat acetate binds and exerts its fun

PACAP (6-38), human, ovine, rat acetate is a potent PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50s of 30, 600, and 40 nM for PACAP type I receptor, PACAP type II receptor VIP1, and PACAP type II receptor VIP2, respectively.

Enterostatin, human, mouse, rat acetate is a pentapeptide mainly formed in the intestine by the cleavage of secreted pancreatic procolipase.

MCH(human, mouse, rat) is a potent endogenous agonist at melanin-concentration hormone (MCH) receptors (IC50 values are 0.3 and 1.5 nM and EC50 values are 3.9 and 0.1 nM at MCH1 and MCH2 receptors respectively). Increases food intake in vivo.

PACAP (1-27), human, ovine, rat acetate (PACAP 1-27 acetate) is a novel neuropeptides originally isolated from bovine hypothalamus, also found in humans and rats.

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (6-30) amide (human) is an incretin hormone utilized in the research of diabetes [1].

MCH (human, mouse, rat) TFA is a potent peptide agonist for MCH receptors, demonstrating strong affinity with binding IC 50 values of 0.3 nM for MCH1R and 1.5 nM for MCH2R. It is notably effective against MCH-2R in a CHO cell line, as evidenced by the mobilization of intracellular calcium measured with FLIPR, revealing functional activation EC 50 values of 3.9 nM for MCH-1R and 0.1 nM for MCH-2R [1].

TIP39, a neuropeptide and an agonist for the parathyroid hormone receptor type 2 (PTH2R), effectively increases cAMP levels in COS-7 cells featuring recombinant PTH2R from humans or rats (EC50s = 0.5 and 0.8 nM, respectively), as well as in F-11 cells that naturally express PTH2R (EC50 = 1.15 nM). Furthermore, TIP39 at 1 nM halts the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and reduces Sox9 expression, a crucial regulator of cartilage differentiation, in CFK2 rat chondrocytes. Additionally, administering 100 pmol/animal of TIP39 reduces the immobility period in the forced swim test in mice, indicating a potential antidepressant effect.

PAMP-12(human, porcine) TFA, a significant constituent of immunoreactive (ir)-PAMP, derives from the adrenomedullin precursor and functions as a potent hypotensive peptide involved in cardiovascular regulation [1].

ACTH (3-24) (human, bovine, mouse, ovine, porcine, rabbit, rat), the fragment spanning amino acids 3-24 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), serves as a research tool in studying a range of illnesses, such as cancer, immune diseases, and cardiovascular disease [1].

β-Casomorphin (1-6), bovine is a opioid-like bioactive peptide of β-Casomorphin.

PACAP (1-27) (the N-terminal fragment of PACAP-38) is a novel neuropeptides originally isolated from bovine hypothalamus, also found in humans and rats.

(Met(O)27)-Glucagon (1-29) (human, rat, porcine) is a modified version of glucagon that exhibits the same maximum glucose-synthesizing activity in rat hepatocytes as its native counterpart. However, its reduced potency indicates the importance of methionine in glucagon's attachment to hepatic receptors [1].

PTH-Related Protein (1-37) (human, mouse, rat) is a peptide analog of parathyroid-hormone-related protein (pTHrP), which plays a role in the physiological regulation of bone formation [1].

Potent endogenous peptide agonist of Mas related GPR X2 (MRGPRX2, EC50 = 57.2 nM). Corresponds to amino acids 9 to 20 of proadrenomedullin.

PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat (TFA) demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal.

Human α-Defensin 6, a 32-residue, cysteine-rich peptide, plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity by inhibiting bacterial invasion. It achieves this through the formation of ordered self-assembly fibrils and nanonets, which stochastically bind to bacterial surface proteins and consequently surround and entangle the bacteria. Additionally, Human α-Defensin 6 impedes biofilm formation by C. albicans [1] [2].

(Asn10,Leu11,D-Trp12)-pTH-Related Protein (7-34) amide (human, mouse, rat) is a potent antagonist of the PTH-1R [1] [2].

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (1-28), human, porcine, Biotin-labeled, is one of three mammalian natriuretic peptides (NPs) that exerts endocrine effects on fluid homeostasis and blood pressure. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide holds promise for cardiovascular diseases research.

Endogenous agonist at orexin receptors (Ki values are 20 and 38 nM for OX1 and OX2 receptors respectively). Stimulates feeding following central administration and may be involved in the control of sleep-wake cycle and other hypothalamic functions.

Human PTHrP-(1-34)NH2, also known as PTH-Related Protein (1-34) amide for human, mouse, and rat, is the N-terminal fragment of PTHrP. This peptide induces hypercalcemia and is utilized in the study of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy [1].

Endothelin-3, human, mouse, rabbit, rat , is a cyclic 21 amino acid peptide. It is an endogenous neuropeptide and potent vasoconstrictor.

Bovine Myeloid Antimicrobial Peptide (BMAP) 28, a synthetic peptide derived from bovine cathelicidin-5 (amino acids 132-158), exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, and the fungus C. albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2, 2, 4, 1, and 8 µM respectively. At a concentration of 200 nM, BMAP 28 permeabilizes the inner membrane of E. coli, and at 5 µM, it inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication in Vero 76 cells. Furthermore, at 30 µM, it causes hemolysis in human erythrocytes and cytotoxicity in human neutrophils. In vivo, a dose of 0.8 mg/kg enhances survival in mice infected with E. coli or MRSA, but not P. aeruginosa.

PAR2 (1-6) amide is a synthetic peptide agonist of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that corresponds to residues 1-6 of the amino terminal tethered ligand sequence of human PAR2 and residues 37-42 of the full-length sequence.1It binds to NCTC 2544 cells expressing human PAR2 (Ki= 9.64 μM in a radioligand binding assay) and induces calcium mobilization in the same cells (EC50= 0.075 μM).2PAR2 (1-6) amide (100 μM) reduces colony formation of A549 lung cancer cells.1It induces superoxide production and degranulation in isolated human eosinophils when used at a concentration of 500 μM.3PAR2 (1-6) amide (5 μmol/kg) induces tear secretion in rats when used in combination with amastatin .4 1.Bohm, S.K., Kong, W., Bromme, D., et al.Molecular cloning, expression and potential functions of the human proteinase-activated receptor-2Biochem. J.314(Pt 3)1009-1016(1996) 2.Kanke, T., Ishiwata, H., Kabeya, M., et al.Binding of a highly potent protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) activating peptide, [3H]2-furoyl-LIGRL-NH2, to human PAR2Br. J. Pharmacol.145(2)255-263(2005) 3.Miike, S., McWilliam, A.S., and Kita, H.Trypsin induces activation and inflammatory mediator release from human eosinophils through protease-activated receptor-2J. Immunol.167(11)6615-6622(2001) 4.Nishikawa, H., Kawai, K., Tanaka, M., et al.Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-related peptides induce tear secretion in rats: Involvement of PAR-2 and non-PAR-2 mechanismsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.312(2)324-331(2005)

Interleukin-6 Fragment (human) is a pleiotropic cytokine originating from both lymphocytes and non-lymphocytes, encoded by a gene on human chromosome 7 spanning roughly 5 kilobases. This fragment shows promise for use in immune response regulation, acute phase reactions, inflammatory processes, oncology, and hematopoiesis [1].

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (6-24) (ACTH (6-24) (human)) is a fragment of ACTH that acts as a competitive inhibitor of steroidogenesis prompted by full-length ACTH (1-39) and the shortened ACTH (5-24), with dissociation constants (Kd) of 13.4 nM and 3.4 nM, respectively. It also impedes the production of corticosterone and the accumulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) triggered by human parathyroid hormone (hPTH 1-34) [1] [2].

EILDV (human, bovine, rat) is an active pentapeptide analog with a conserved tripeptide sequence LDV across human, bovine, and rat species, utilized in cell adhesion research [1].

(Asp28)-Glucagon (1-29) (human, rat, porcine) is an analog of glucagon with an aspartic acid (Asp) substitution at position 28, notably enhancing its aqueous solubility at physiological pH levels while retaining glucagon's innate biological activity [1].

β-Amyloid(28-35) human is a neurotoxic β-amyloid peptide fragment that contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by interacting with neuronal membranes, modulating its secondary structure and toxicity. It also exhibits anisotropic effects on the acidic phospholipid DPH, thereby increasing the internal fluidity within lipid membrane bilayers [1].

Prepro VIP (111-122), human is a prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)–derived peptide, corresponding to residues 111-122.

Enterostatin, human, mouse, rat is a pentapeptide that reduces fat intake.

Osteostatin (1-5) amide (human, bovine, dog, horse, mouse, rabbit, rat), also known as Human PTHrP (107-111) amide, is a C-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone-related protein that inhibits bone resorption [1] [2].

Mca-(endo-1a-Dap(Dnp))-TNF-Alpha (-5 to +6) amide (human) is a peptide utilized as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based substrate for proteolytic activity assays, wherein the cleavage-induced change in fluorescence intensity serves as the measure of enzymatic activity [1].

PTH-Related Protein (7-34) amide (human, mouse, rat) serves as a potent antagonist of parathyroid hormone (PTH) [1].

Neuropeptide Y (3-36) (human, rat) is a metabolite of neuropeptide Y (NPY) generated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). Known as a selective Y2 receptor agonist, Neuropeptide Y (3-36) (human, rat) effectively reduces the release of norepinephrine via the Y2 receptor[1][2].

GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, rat) TFA, a molecular variant of GLP-1 (7-36) amide, can induce [14C]aminopyrine accumulation in enzymatically dispersed enriched rat parietal cells [1].

Oxyntomodulin (human, mouse, rat) (Proglucagon [33-69]), a derivative of the glucagon progenitor, encompasses the full sequence of glucagon along with an additional C-terminal octapeptide, culminating in a structure of 37 amino acids.

β-Amyloid(17-28) human is a fragment of the β-amyloid peptide (Abeta) associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), promoting the aggregation of the full-length β-Amyloid40 into toxic aggregates [1]. This lipid-induced amyloid core segment is implicated in AD pathogenesis.

Orexin A human, rat, mouse, a 33 amino acid excitatory neuropeptide, orchestrates diverse central and peripheral processes. Orexin A human, rat, mouse has been used to study its effect on the functioning of porcine pancreatic islets. It has also been used as an orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) agonist to study the effect of orexin systems in the effect of etonogestrel on respiratory response to prolonged metabolic acidosis.