β-amyloid , rat tfa

β-Amyloid (1-42), (rat mouse) (TFA), is a 42-amino acid peptide fragment employed in the study of Alzheimer's disease.

β-Amyloid (1-42), rat TFA is a 42-aa peptide, shows the effects of cytotoxicity on acute hippocampal slices, and has been used in studies of alzheimer's disease.

CGRP (83-119), rat TFA (Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide(83-119), rat TFA) is a 37 amino acid calcitonin family of neuropeptide, acts through calcitonin receptor-like receptor.

Biotin-β-Amyloid (1-42), human TFA, also known as Biotin-Amyloid β-Peptide (1-42) (human) TFA, is a biotin-labeled 42-amino acid peptide implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

β-Amyloid 22-35 (Amyloid β-Protein 22-35) TFA, a fragment comprising residues 22-35 of the β-amyloid protein, exhibits cytotoxicity towards cultured rat hippocampal neurons in serum-free media. It aggregates and forms typical amyloid fibrils in neutral buffer solution, mirroring those observed with the full-length β-amyloid protein [1].

MCH (human, mouse, rat) TFA is a potent peptide agonist for MCH receptors, exhibiting binding IC50 values of 0.3 nM for MCH1R and 1.5 nM for MCH2R. It is particularly effective against MCH-2R in a CHO cell line, with functional activation EC50 values of 3.9 nM for MCH-1R and 0.1 nM for MCH-2R, as evidenced by intracellular calcium mobilization measured with FLIPR [1].

Kisspeptin-10, rat TFA serves as both a potent vasoconstrictor and an inhibitor of angiogenesis, as well as acting as a ligand for the rodent kisspeptin receptor (KISS1, GPR54). Additionally, Kisspeptin-10 TFA demonstrates potential antioxidant properties by reducing Methotrexate-induced reproductive toxicity [1].

CART(62-76)(human,rat) TFA, a neuropeptide encompassing residues 62-76 of the CART peptide, exhibits neurotransmitter-like properties and modulates the striatal noradrenergic system, as well as the corticostriatal and hypothalamic serotoninergic (5-HT) systems in the rat brain [1].

Rat form of the beta-Amyloid (1-40) peptide

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) II, rat (TFA) is a neuropeptide with 37 amino acid.

Urocortin, rat TFA is a neuropeptide and a potent endogenous CRFR agonist (Kis: 0.97 nM, 1.5 nM, and 13 nM for mouse CRF2β, rat CRF2α, and human CRF1).

β-Amyloid (1-16) rat is a fragment of the amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide's metal-binding domain, containing three amino acid substitutions compared to its human counterpart, which confer reduced susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease-like neurodegeneration in rats and mice [1].

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (1-20) (IRBP1-20), a dodecapeptide fragment of retinoid-binding protein 3, plays a crucial role in pigment regeneration by facilitating the transport of retinol and retinal between photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. It has been utilized to provoke autoimmune uveoretinitis in C57BL/6 mice, possessing the H-2b haplotype. Furthermore, IRBP1-20 at a concentration of 3 µM enhances the secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 from primary mouse spleen lymphocytes. Immunization and subsequent rechallenge with IRBP1-20 lead to increased ear swelling, inflammation of ocular blood vessels, infiltration by immune cells, damage to the photoreceptor layer, and retinal detachment in IFN-γ-deficient mice.

GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, rat) TFA, a variant of GLP-1 (7-36) amide, induces [14C]aminopyrine accumulation in enzymatically dispersed enriched rat parietal cells [1].

β-Amyloid (12-28) (TFA), a peptide fragment of the 42 amino acid protein β-amyloid (β1-42), primarily found in senile plaque cores, exhibits aggregation properties and is significant for Alzheimer’s disease research, highlighting its potential utility in understanding the disease's pathology [1].

Orexin B, rat, mouse (Rat orexin B) TFA, an endogenous agonist for orexin receptors, binds to and activates the orphan G protein-coupled receptors OX1-R and OX2-R, playing a crucial role in stimulating food intake, increasing energy expenditure, and regulating sleep-wake cycles [1] [2] [3].

Galanin (1-16), mouse, porcine, rat is a potent agonist of the hippocampal galanin receptor with a Kd of 3 nM, and it exhibits high biological activity on locus coeruleus neurons.

β-amyloid (12-28) TFA, a peptide fragment of β-amyloid protein (β1-42), is the major component of senile plaque cores. β-amyloid (12-28) has aggregation properties and the potential for Alzheimer’s disease research.

PACAP (1-38), a novel neuropeptide isolated from the bovine hypothalamus is more active than vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in stimulating adenylate cyclase (EC50=7 nM). PACAP 1-38 (10-9 M) increased substance P (SP), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP),

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-39), rat (TFA), is a potent agonist of the melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2).

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) II, rat TFA, functions as a potent and enduring vasodilator by activating CGRP receptors. This compound is utilized in cardiovascular disease research [1].

GIP, rat TFA (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), a 42-amino acid peptide secreted by K cells in the duodenum and jejunum, promotes insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, supports beta cell proliferation, and enhances their survival. This rat-origin bioactive peptide, along with GLP (gastric-like peptide), belongs to the intestinal insulinotropic hormone family and is implicated in lipid homeostasis and potentially in the pathogenesis of obesity. Recent research suggests GIP's multifaceted role in these metabolic processes.

β-Amyloid (1-43)(human) TFA exhibits greater aggregation tendencies and heightened toxicity compared to Aβ1-42. This compound also associates with sAPPα and sAPPβ and has the potential to serve as an additional biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), complementing existing markers [1].

Enterostatin (human, mouse, rat) TFA, a pentapeptide predominantly synthesized in the intestine from pancreatic procolipase cleavage, effectively decreases fat consumption, body weight, and body fat in vivo [1].

Secretin (33-59), rat (TFA), is a 27-amino acid peptide that targets the secretin receptor to enhance the release of bicarbonate, enzymes, and potassium (K+) from the pancreas [1] [2].

Neuropeptide SF (mouse, rat) TFA, a potent agonist for neuropeptide FF receptors, exhibits K_i values of 48.4 nM for NPFF1 and 12.1 nM for NPFF2. Additionally, this compound enhances the amplitude of the sustained current in heterologously expressed acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) [1].

CART(55-102)(rat) TFA, a rat-derived satiety factor, exhibits potent appetite-suppressing properties. This compound is intricately linked to both leptin and neuropeptide Y, playing a crucial role in the regulation of hunger. Moreover, CART(55-102)(rat) TFA has been identified to induce anxiety and stress-related behavior, as documented in studies [1] [2].

β-Amyloid (1-14), mouse, rat, is a 1-14 fragment of the Amyloid-β peptide.

β-Amyloid (1-38), derived from mice and rats, is a chemical compound comprising 38 amino acids, specifically residues 1-38 of the Aβ peptide. Notably, it serves as the primary constituent of amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Acts as a cardiac hormone with a variety of biological actions including natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. It is thought to play a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Helps restore the body\'s sa

Endogenous agonist at orexin receptors (Ki values are 20 and 38 nM for OX1 and OX2 receptors respectively). Stimulates feeding following central administration and may be involved in the control of sleep-wake cycle and other hypothalamic functions.

BNP-45 (rat) TFA is a circulating form of rat brain natriuretic peptide isolated from rat heart with potent hypotensive and natriuretic potency.

PACAP (1-27), human, ovine, rat TFA (PACAP 1-27 TFA), an N-terminal fragment of PACAP-38, is an effective PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 3 nM for rat PAC1, 2 nM for rat VPAC1, and 5 nM for human VPAC2.

Neuromedin S(rat) TFA, a 34-amino acid peptide derivative of rat Neuromedin S, is a neuropeptide sourced from the rat brain that functions as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor FM4/TGR-1 [1].

BigLEN(rat) is a potent GPR171 agonist with an EC50 of 1.6 nM [1].

GLP-2(rat) TFA, an intestinal growth factor, promotes cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis. Additionally, it increases mucosal mass and function in the residual small intestine following massive small bowel resection (MSBR), as documented in references [1] [2].

Amyloid β-Protein (33-42) TFA, encompassing residues 33-42 of the β-amyloid protein, mitigates the toxicity induced by Aβ42 [1].

α-CGRP (mouse, rat) TFA, a neuropeptide belonging to the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family, is predominantly located at neuromuscular junctions and functions as a potent vasodilator. Peripheral administration of α-CGRP (mouse, rat) TFA may result in decreased blood pressure and elevated heart rate, in addition to the relaxation of colonic smooth muscle. This compound shows promising utility in the investigation of cardiovascular, pro-inflammatory, migraine, and metabolic conditions [1] [2] [3].

Amyloid (1-42), rat is a polypeptide composed of 42 amino acids. It is toxic to hippocampal slices and can be used in the study of alzheimer's disease.

PACAP (6-38), human, ovine, rat TFA is a potent PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 30 nM, 600 nM, and 40 nM for the PACAP type I receptor, PACAP type II receptor VIP1, and PACAP type II receptor VIP2, respectively.

Endothelin-3, human, mouse, rabbit, rat TFA is a 21-amino acid vasoactive peptide that specifically interacts with G-protein-linked transmembrane receptors [ET-RA and ET-RB].

PEN (rat) TFA, a predominant hypothalamic neuropeptide originating from the proprotein ProSAAS, serves as an endogenous ligand for GPR83 [1].

Brain Natriuretic Peptide-45, rat TFA (BNP-45, rat TFA) is an isoform of the rat brain natriuretic peptide extracted from the rat heart, exhibiting significant hypotensive and natriuretic effects [1].

Proadrenomedullin N-terminal 12 peptide (PAMP-12), an endogenous fragment originating from the adrenal medulla and spanning amino acids 9-20 of human PAMP-20, plays a role in causing hypotension. It functions as an agonist for the MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor family member X2 (MRGPRX2), inhibiting forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human MRGPRX2 (EC50 = 57.2 nM) and selectively prompting calcium mobilization in these cells (EC50 = 41 nM), but not in cells expressing MRGPRX1, MRGPRX3, or MRGPRX4 at 1 µM. As an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), PAMP-12 obstructs carbachol-triggered catecholamine release and the influx of calcium and sodium (IC50s = 1.3, 0.39, and 0.87 µM, respectively) in primary bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, with no effect on histamine-induced responses (IC50s = >1 µM for all). Additionally, it decreases mean arterial blood pressure in normotensive rats at doses ranging from 10 to 50 nmol/kg.

[Leu31,Pro34]-Neuropeptide Y(human,rat) TFA acts as a specific agonist for the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor and also activates Y4 and Y5 receptors, elevating blood pressure in anesthetized rats and enhancing food intake [1] [2].

Galanin (1-29)(rat, mouse) TFA acts as a non-selective agonist for galanin receptors, exhibiting affinities (Kis) of 0.98 nM for GAL1, 1.48 nM for GAL2, and 1.47 nM for GAL3, respectively, and possesses an anticonvulsant effect [1] [2].

Apelin-36(rat, mouse) TFA, an endogenous agonist for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ, exhibits a strong affinity for APJ receptors with an IC 50 of 5.4 nM and effectively inhibits cAMP production with an EC 50 of 0.52 nM. Moreover, it obstructs the invasion of certain HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains into NP-2/CD4 cells that express the APJ receptor [1] [2].

β-Amyloid (42-1), human TFA, a 42-amino acid peptide, represents the inactive form of Amyloid β Peptide (1-42) and is crucial in the development of Alzheimer's disease [1].