a-2-pi

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3, also known as PIP3, is resistant to cleavage by PI-specific phospholipase C (PLC). Thus, it is likely to function in signal transduction as a modulator in its own right, rather than as a source of inositol tetraphosphates. PIP3 can serve as an anchor for the binding of signal transduction proteins bearing pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Protein binding to PIP3 is important for cytoskeletal rearrangement and membrane trafficking. PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3 (1,2-dihexanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural PIP3 with C6:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound features the same inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as that of the natural compound. The short fatty acid chains of this analog give it different physical properties from naturally-occurring PIP3, including higher solubility in aqueous media.

1,2,3-Triundecanoyl glycerol is a triacylglycerol that contains undecanoic acid at thesn-1,sn-2, andsn-3 positions. Dietary administration of a 7:3 (w/w) mixture of 1,2,3-triundecanoyl glycerol and corn oil prevents fasting-induced decreases in plasma glucose, alanine, and insulin levels, as well as the ratio of insulin to glucagon, in rats compared with dietary administration of corn oil alone.1 1.Pi-Sunyer, F.X., Conway, J.M., Lavau, M., et al.Glucagon, insulin, and gluconeogenesis in fasted odd carbon fatty acid-enriched ratsAm. J. Physiol.231(2)366-369(1976)

AC-55541 (AOB2796) is a novel PAR2 agonist; activated PAR2 signaling in cellular proliferation assays, phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis assays, and Ca(2+) mobilization assays, with potencies ranging from 200 to 1000 nM.

LY367385 hydrochloride is a potent and selective mGluR1a antagonist with an IC50 value of 8.8 μM for inhibiting quisqualate-induced phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, showing significantly higher selectivity compared to its >100 μM IC50 value for mGlu5a. This compound exhibits neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, and antiepileptic effects [1] [2].

Tipranavir is a protease inhibitor that inhibits HIV-1 resistant to more than 1 protease inhibitor .Tipranavir effectively inhibits HIV-1 protease enzyme activity and dimerisation and has potent activity against multiple protease inhibitor (PI) HIV-1 isolates (IC50 of 66-410 nM). Tipranavir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro activity.

MHY219 is a novel HDAC inhibitor. MHY219 induces apoptosis via up-regulation of androgen receptor expression in human prostate cancer cells. MHY219 was shown to enhance the cytotoxicity on DU145 cells (IC50, 0.36 μM) when compared with LNCaP (IC50, 0.97 μM) and PC3 cells (IC50, 5.12 μM). MHY219 showed a potent inhibition of total HDAC activity when compared with SAHA. MHY219 increased histone H3 hyperacetylation and reduced the expression of class I HDACs (1, 2 and 3) in prostate cancer cells. MHY219 effectively increased the sub-G1 fraction of cells through p21 and p27 dependent pathways in DU145 cells. MHY219 significantly induced a G2/M phase arrest in DU145 and PC3 cells and arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase in LNCaP cells. Furthermore, MHY219 effectively increased apoptosis in DU145 and LNCaP cells, but not PC3 cells, according to Annexin V/PI staining and Western blot analysis. These results indicate that MHY219 is a potent HDAC inhibitor that targets regulating mu......

Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-P2(1,2-dipalmitoyl), a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) with C16:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, maintains the inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry of its natural counterpart. Although phosphatidylinositol phosphates constitute a minor fraction of total membrane phospholipids, they are pivotal in initiating and propagating cellular signals. This compound mirrors the activity of the natural phosphatidylinositol produced by PtdIns-4-phosphate 5-kinase's action on PtdIns-(4)-P1. Its hydrolysis by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C yields inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG, crucial secondary messengers in a complex signal transduction pathway.

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(1,2-dioctanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) containing C8:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound features the same inositol and diacyl glycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as that of the natural compound. The short fatty acid chains of this analog, compared to naturally-occurring PtdIns, gives it different physical properties including high solubility in aqueous media. PtdIns are phosphorylated to mono- (PtdIns-P; PIP), di- (PtdIns-P2; PIP2), and triphosphates (PtdIns-P3; PIP3). Hydrolysis of PtdIns-(4,5)-P2 by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG which are key second messengers in an intricate biochemical signal transduction cascade.

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(3)-P1 (1,2-dioctanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural PtdIns featuring C8:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound features the same inositol and DAG stereochemistry as the natural compound. PtdIns-(3)-P1 can be phosphorylated to di- (PtdIns-P2; PIP2) and triphosphates (PtdIns-P3; PIP3) by phosphatidyl inositol (PI)-specific kinases.

PI-103 is a potent, cell-permeable, ATP-competitive inhibitor of PI3K family members (IC50s: 2/3/3/15/30/23 nM for p110α/β/δ/γ, mTOR, and DNA-PK).

PI-55 (6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino)purine) is a cytokinin receptor inhibitor that exhibits structural similarity to 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). It competitively inhibits BAP binding on the specific Arabidopsis receptors CRE1 AHK4 and AHK3. Furthermore, PI-55 effectively suppresses cytokinins-induced haustorium formation and enhances parasite aggressiveness [1].

(Rac)-Z-Phe-Phe-FMK (Cathepsin L-IN-2) is a cathepsin L inhibitor that inhibits the tendency of β-amyloid to induce apoptotic changes .

TPC2-A1-P is a potent, membrane-permeable agonist of the two-pore channel 2 (TPC2), exhibiting an EC50 of 10.5 μM. It exerts its effects by mimicking the physiological actions of PI(3,5)P2, and demonstrates greater efficacy in inducing Na2+ mobilization from TPC2 compared to TPC-A1-N. This compound serves as a valuable tool for probing various functions of TPC2 channels in intact cells[1][2][3].

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(4)-P1 (1,2-dioctanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) featuring C8:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound contains the same inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as the natural compound. PtdIns-(4)-P1 can be phosphorylated to di- (PtdIns-P2; PIP2) and triphosphates (PtdIns-P3; PIP3). Hydrolysis of PtdIns-(4,5)-P2 by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG which are key second messengers in an intricate biochemical signal transduction cascade.

PI3-Kinase α Inhibitor 2 (hydrochloride) is a PI3-Kinase α inhibitor.

PI-103 Hydrochloride is a potent dual inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR, demonstrating inhibitory IC50 values of 8 nM for p110α, 88 nM for p110β, 48 nM for p110δ, 150 nM for p110γ, 20 nM for mTORC1, and 83 nM for mTORC2, respectively. Additionally, it inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 2 nM and induces autophagy [1] [2] [3] [4].

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) catalyzes the phosphorylation of the 3' hydroxyl position of PIs to produce the second messengers PtdIns-(3,4)-P2 and PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3. PI3Kα, β, and δ are class 1A enzymes composed of p110 and p85 subunits, whereas PI3Kγ is a class 1B PI3K composed of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p101 or p84 regulatory subunit. PI3Kα inhibitor 2 is a selective inhibitor of PI3Kα with IC50 values of 2, 16, 660, and 220 nM for the α, β, γ, and 2Cβ isoforms, respectively. It inhibits PKA, KDR, PKCα, and cyclin E/Cdk2 significantly less effectively (IC50 = 91, 3.4, 466, and 28 μM, respectively). PI3Kα inhibitor 2 inhibits A375 melanoma cell proliferation with an IC50 value of 580 nM.

TPC2-A1-N is a novel, lipophilic, membrane permeable isoform-selective small molecule agonist of two-pore channel 2 (TPC2). TPC2-A1-N plays its role by mimicking the physiological actions of NAADP and PI(3,5)P2 through independent binding sites. TPC2-A1-N has inverse effects on key lysosomal activities and increases the pH in the lysosomal lumen in a TPC2-dependent manner[1]. Two-pore channels (TPC1-3) are ancient members of the voltage-gated ion channel superfamily. TPCs are expressed throughout the endo-lysosomal system and regulates the trafficking of various cargoes.TPC2 can mediate different physiological and possibly pathophysiological effects depending on how it is activated. The ion selectivity of TPC2 is not fixed but rather agonist-dependent. TPC2 is a unique example of an ion channel that conducts different ions in response to different activating ligands.TPC2-A1-N (10 μM) reproducibly evokes Ca2+ signals, and TPC2-A1-N response reachs its plateau faster than TPC2-A1-P. The EC50 in full concentration-effect relationships for the plateau response is 7.8 μM for TPC2-A1-N in a cell line stably expressing TPC2L11A/L12A.TPC2-A1-N (10 μM) evokes Ca2+ influx through the TPC2 pore evokes Ca2+ signals in cells expressing TPC2L11A/L12A but not TPC2L11A/L12A/L265P. Additionally, the responses to TPC2-A1-N can be selectively blocked by the identified TPC2 blockers Tetrandrine , Raloxifene , and Fluphenazine by removal of extracellular Ca2+[1].In endo-lysosomal patch-clamp experiments, TPC2-A1-N (30 μM) elicits currents using Na+ as the major permeant ion, in vacuolin-enlarged endo-lysosomes isolated from isolated from HEK293 cells transiently expressing human TPC2 (hTPC2) but not in cells expressing TPC1[1].In endo-lysosomal patch-clamp experiments, TPC2-A1-N (30 μM) induces larger currents in endo-lysosomes isolated from cells expressing a gain-of-function variant of TPC2 (TPC2M484L) compared to the wild-type isoform, and exhibits an EC50 value of 0.6 μM for TPC2-A1-N[1]. [1]. Susanne Gerndt, et al. Agonist-mediated switching of ion selectivity in TPC2 differentially promotes lysosomal function. Elife