(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) is one of the catechin isomers and a potent antioxidant that can modulate a wide range of membrane proteins. Its bilayer-modifying potency was tested using gramicidin A (gA) channels as probes. All the catechins alter gA channel function and modify bilayer properties, with a 500-fold range in potency. The gallate group causes current block, as evident by brief downward current transitions.

1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (1,2-DSPE) is a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn). The stearic acid moieties are derived from animal fats, coco butter, and sesame oil. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling.

1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) (DMPC) is a synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes which is used for the study of lipid monolayers and bilayers[1].

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl ditetradecanoate (DMPE) is a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylethanolamine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. DMPE, in particular, consists of two chains of myristic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The myristic acid moieties are derived from nutmeg and butter. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling.

C16 Sphingomyelin (d18:1/16:0) (N-Palmitoyl-D-sphingomyelin) is a phospholipid analog of phospholipid bilayer membranes, which can be used to study biofilm activity.