bmp7protein,human,recombinant

Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), also known as osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) is a member of Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of proteins. Bone morphogenetic proteins were discovered in 1965 by Marshal Urist, of which BMP7 is of particular interest in this review being a leptin-independent anorexinogen and having role in energy expenditure in the brown adipose tissue, which makes it a potential target for preventing/treating obesity. As it has been established that Obesity displays a state of leptin-resistance, thus a protein-like BMP7 which acts through a leptin-independent pathway could give new therapeutic directions.

IL-8/CXCL8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 28-99) is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 8.5 kDa and the accession number is A0A024RDA5.

CD40 Ligand Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Flag) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-6xHis-Flag tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19-24 KDa and the accession number is P29965.

Mouse interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha, also known as Il15ra, is a high-affinity receptor for interleukin-15. Il15ra associates as a heterotrimer with the IL-2 receptor beta and gamma subunits (Common gamma chain, or gamma c) to initiate signal transduction. It can signal both in cis and trans where IL15R from one subset of cells presents IL15 to neighboring IL2RG-expressing cells. Il15ra is expressed in special cells including a wide variety of Tand B cells and non-lymphoid cells. Human Il15ra shares 45% amino acid sequence homology with the mouse form of the receptor. Eight isoforms of IL-15 R alpha mRNA have been identified, resulting from alternative splicing events involving different exons.

Basigin/CD147 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with homology to both the immunoglobulin V domain and MHC class II antigen beta-chain. This protein play important roles in variety of events including spermatogenesis, embryo implantation, neural network formation. CD147 induces the production and release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in the surrounding mesenchymal cells and tumor cells, and thereby promotes invasion, metastasis, growth and survival of malignant cells. Furthermore, CD147 also serves as a receptor for extracellular cyclophilinthe and its association with integrins might be important in signal transduction. CD147 displays increased expression in many cancers, and it has been previously demonstrated to participate in cancer metastasis and progression.

IL-1 alpha/IL-1A Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 54 KDa and the accession number is P01583.

Mouse stem cell factor (SCF), is the ligand for the receptor-type protein-tyrosine kinase KIT. It plays an essential role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, migration and function, and in melanogenesis. KITLG/SCF binding can activate several signaling pathways. It also promotes phosphorylation of PIK3R1, which is the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and subsequent activation of the kinase AKT1. KITLG/SCF and KIT also transmit signals via GRB2 and activation of RAS, RAF1 and the MAP kinases MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1. KITLG/SCF and KIT promote activation of STAT family members STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5.

TIM-3/KIM-3/HAVCR2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (aa 20-191, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30-50 KDa and the accession number is Q8VIM0.

Programmed cell death protein 1(PDCD1) is a single-pass type I membrane protein and contains 1 Ig-like V-type domain. PD-1 is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. PDCD1 inhibits the T-cell proliferation and production of related cytokines including IL-1, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ by suppressing the activation and transduction of PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, coligation of PDCD1 inhibits BCR-mediating signal by dephosphorylating key signal transducer. PDCD1 has been suggested to be involved in lymphocyte clonal selection and peripheral tolerance, and thus contributes to the prevention of autoimmune diseases. As a cell surface molecule, PDCD1 regulates the adaptive immune response. Engagement of PD-1 by its ligands PD-L1 or PD-L2 transduces a signal that inhibits T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytolytic function.

PD-L1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 70-95 KDa and the accession number is Q9NZQ7.

CD20 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Flag) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis-Flag tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34-40 kDa and the accession number is P11836.

CD38, also called ADP-ribosyl cyclase, is a Type II integral membrane protein with 301 amino acids in length that belongs to the ADP-ribosyl cyclase family.It synthesizes the second messagers cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinate-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the former a second messenger for glucose-induced insulin secretion. And also moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system. CD38 is expressed in B and T lymphocytes, osteoclasts, and in cardiac, pancreatic, liver and kidney cells. Through its production of cyclic ADP-ribose, CD38 modulates calcium-mediated signal transduction in many types of cells, including neutrophils and pancreatic beta cells.

TNF alpha Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 77-233, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 16 KDa and the accession number is P01375.

CD48 antigen, also known as B-lymphocyte activation marker BLAST-1, BCM1 surface antigen, Leukocyte antigen MEM-102, TCT.1, CD48, BCM1,and BLAST1, CD48 contains one Ig-like C2-type domain and one Ig-like V-type domain, but does not have a transmembrane domain, however, but is held at the cell surface by a GPI anchor via a C-terminal domain which maybe cleaved to yield a soluble form of the receptor. CD48 may facilitate interaction between activated lymphocytes and be involved in regulating T-cell activation. CD48 plays a vital role as an environmental sensor for regulating progenitor cell numbers and inhibiting tumor development. It is suggested that the anti-CD48 mAb has the potential to become an effective therapeutic mAb against multiple myeloma.

B- and T-Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA) is a single-pass type I membrane protein containing 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. BTLA expression is induced during activation of T cells, and BTLA remains expressed on Th1 cells but not Th2 cells. Like PD1 and CTLA4, BTLA interacts with a B7 homolog, B7H4. However, unlike PD-1 and CTLA-4, BTLA displays T-Cell inhibition via interaction with tumor necrosis family receptors (TNF-R), not just the B7 family of cell surface receptors. BTLA is a lymphocyte inhibitory receptor that inhibits lymphocytes during immune response. BTLA also is a ligand for tumor necrosis factor (receptor) superfamily, member 14 (TNFRSF14), also known as herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). BTLA-HVEM complexes negatively regulate T-cell immune responses.

NKG2D ligand 1, also called ULBP1, is a member of UL16-binding protein (ULBP) family which has also been termed the retinoic acid early transcript 1 (RAET1) family. Unlike the classical MHC class I molecules and the MIC molecules possess α1, α2 and α3 domains, ULBP/RAET1 family members lack α3 domain. ULBP1 is recognized by the activating receptor NKG2D on the surface of cytotoxic natural killer (NK) and T cells, and then promotes the lysis of cells expressing ULBP1 which is important for the immune surveillance. ULBP1 and several other family members, ULBP2 and ULBP5, own the ability to bind the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL16 glycoprotein. The human CMV glycoprotein UL16 binds to intracellular ULBP1 and so inhibits its expression at the cell surface, which reduces the susceptibility of the virus-infected cell to cytotoxic destruction by NK cells. The expression of ULBP1 has been found on some tumor cells and is implicated in tumor surveillance.

The precursor form of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (pro-BDNF) interacts preferentially with the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) and vps10p domain-containing receptor sortilin and induces neuronal apoptosis, whereas mature BDNF selectively binds with high affinity to the TrkB kinase receptor and promotes the survival, growth and differentiation of neurons. As proneurotrophins and mature neurotrophins elicit opposite biological effects, Pro-BDNF cleavage in the neuronal system is regulated in a specific and cell-context dependent manner. Pro-BDNF plays important role in negative regulation of neurotrophic actions in the brain.

4-1BB/CD137/TNFRSF9 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26-35 KDa and the accession number is A9YYE7.

C-Type Lectin Domain Family 10 Member A (CLEC10A) is a type II transmembrane C-type lectin that is expressed on immature myleloid dendritic cells and alternatively activated (tolerogenic) macrophages. CLEC10A/MGL binds and internalizes molecules with terminal nonsialylated GalNAc carbohydrates such as the Tn carcinoma antigen. CLEC10A/MGL also binds the GP envelope glycoprotein on Marburg and Ebola viruses and enhances viral entry and infectivity. It constitute a unique class of C-type lectins because of their specificity for galactose and its structural homologues. CLEC10A is thought to participate in the recognition of molecules from both altered self and pathogens due to its monosaccharide specificity for Gal and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Human and rat carry a single gene for CLEC10A/MGL, while mouse has two closely related MGL1 and MGL2 genes.

Tumor associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2, TROP-2) is a type I cell surface glycoprotein that is highly expressed on human carcinomas. It was originally identified as an antigen present on human gastrointestinal tumors and is the second of two members of this family. Human and mouse TROP-2 share 87% amino acid (aa) similarity. TROP-2 is capable of transducing an intracellular calcium signal and may play a role in tumor growth. It also has adhesive functions. TROP-2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 27-274, hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 60-80 KDa and the accession number is P09758.

Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C2 (AKR1C2) plays a role in concert with the 5-α/5-β-Steroid Reductases to convert Steroid hormones into the 3-α/5-α and 3-α/5-β-Tetrahydrosteroids. AKR1C2 catalyzes the inactivation of the most potent androgen 5-α-Dihydrotestosterone (5-α-DHT) to 5-α-Androstane-3-α, 17-β-diol (3-α-diol).

CD47 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 48-65 KDa and the accession number is Q08722.

Mouse Apoptosis-mediating surface antigen FAS (Fas) belongs to the death receptor subfamily of the TNF receptor superfamily and is designated TNFRSF6. Mouse Fas contains 1 death domain and 3 TNFR-Cys repeats. It detected in various tissues including thymus, liver, lung, heart, and adult ovary. As a receptor for TNFSF6/FASLG, The adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases mediating apoptosis. FAS-mediated apoptosis may have a role in the induction of peripheral tolerance, in the antigen-stimulated suicide of mature T-cells, or both.

Osteoprotegerin (OPG, Tnfrsf11b) is a secreted protein that regulates bone density. OPG is widely expressed and constitutively released as a homodimer by mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Regulation of its expression by estrogen, parathyroid hormone and cytokines is complex and changes with age. OPG acts as decoy receptor for TNFSF11/RANKL and thereby neutralizes its function in osteoclastogenesis. TRAIL decreases the release of OPG from cells that express it, while OPG inhibits TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Expression of RANK L on the cell surface, and thus its ability to stimulate osteoclastogenesis, is regulated by OPG by intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. Bone homeostasis seems to depend on the local ratio between TNFSF11 and TNFRSF11B. It may also play a role in preventing arterial calcification.

TGF beta 2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 10-14 KDa and the accession number is P61812.

Vaspin (Visceral Adipose-Specific SERPIN) is a newly described adipokine. Vaspin has three β-sheets, nine α-helices, and one central loop; the structure is part of the set of distinctive features that are descriptive of Serpin family members. Vaspin is also a unique insulin sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. A recent publication indicates that Vaspin mRNA expression in visceral fat is positively correlated with BMI and percent of body fat. and could be associated with parameters of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism. These findings suggest a potential clinical use for Vaspin in ameliorating certain aberrations seen in the obesity metabolic syndrome.

CD79B Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45-65 KDa and the accession number is P40259.

TREM-2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50-65 KDa and the accession number is Q9NZC2.

Ephrins-A3 belongs the Ephrins ligand family which involved in a variety of biological processes, especially in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. It is shown that Ephrin-A3 is expressed in brain, skeletal muscle, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Ephrin-A3 has a GPI anchor following the extracellular sequence and a signal sequence of 22 amino acids. Ephrin-A3 can bind EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8 and EphB1. Futhermore, it is associated with tumor growth and metastasis.

CD300C is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the immunoregulatory signaling (IRS) family. CD300C contains one Ig-like V-type domain and is present on the surface of natural killer cells, granulocytes, most myeloid cells, dendritic cells, and a subpopulation of T and B lymphocytes. The CD300C (CMRF-35A) and CD300A (CMRF-35H) molecules are homologous leukocyte surface proteins. CD300a and CD300C play an important role in the cross-regulation of TNF-alpha and IFN-alpha secretion from pDCs. CD300A and CD300C are indistinguishable on the surface of NK cells. The ligand for CD300C is presently unknown.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19L (TNFRSF19L), also known as Receptor expressed in lymphoid tissues and RELT, is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. TNFRSF19L is a single-pass type membrane protein and contains one TNFR-Cys repeat. TNFRSF19L is highly expressed in spleen, lymph node, thymus, peripheral blood leukocytes, bone marrow and fetal liver. It has been shown TNFRSF19L activates the NF-kappaB pathway and selectively binds TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1). TNFRSF19L is capable of stimulating T-cell proliferation in the presence of CD3 signaling, which suggests its regulatory role in immune response.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 3, also known as Lymphotoxin-beta receptor,Tumor necrosis factor C receptor,Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2-related protein,Tumor necrosis factor receptor type III,LTBR,TNFCR, TNFR3 and TNFRSF3, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of receptors. LTBR is a single-pass type I membrane protein and contains four TNFR-Cys repeats. It is expressed on the surface of most cell types, but not on T and B lymphocytes. LTBR and its ligand play a role in the development and organization of lymphoid tissue and transformed cells. Activation of LTBR can trigger apoptosis. In addition, LTBR can lead to the release of the cytokine interleukin 8.

TRAIL R2/DR5/TNFRSF10B Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc & His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 49 KDa and the accession number is O14763.

Nogo-66 Receptor-Related Protein 3 (NgR3) has primary structures with NgR2 (NgRH1, NgRL3) and biochemical properties that are homologous to Nogo-66 receptor (NgR), and constitute a novel neuronal receptor protein family. NgR is GPI-anchored and contains eight leucine-rich repeats (LRR), it is the neuronal receptor for the myelin- associated proteins Nogo-A, OMgp (oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein), and MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein) and mediates the inhibition of CNS axonal regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. NgR2 and NgR3 have similar structure and distinct but overlapping expression versus NgR. NgR2 can be metalloproteinase-cleaved to release a soluble ectodomain. NgR2 has also been shown to bind MAG, but ligands for NgR3 have not yet been determined. Mature huaman NgR3 shares 88%, 88%, 48% and 44% amino acid identity with mature mouse NgR3, rat NgR3, human NgRH1 and NgR, repectively.

Clusterin Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28-40 KDa and the accession number is P10909.

Cell adhesion molecule 1(CADM1) is a single-pass type I membrane protein and belongs to the nectin family. It contains 2 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. CADM1 acts as a tumor suppressor in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Interaction with CRTAM promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by CD8+ cells in vitro as well as NK cell-mediated rejection of tumors expressing CADM3 in vivo. CADM1 may contribute to the less invasive phenotypes of lepidic growth tumor cells. In mast cells, it may mediate attachment to and promote communication with nerves. CADM1, together with MITF, is essential for development and survival of mast cells in vivo. The protein acts as a synaptic cell adhesion molecule and plays a role in the formation of dendritic spines and in synapse assembly. It may be involved in neuronal migration, axon growth, pathfinding, and fasciculation on the axons of differentiating neurons. CADM1 may play diverse roles in the spermatogenesis including in the adhesion of spermatocytes and spermatids to Sertoli cells and for their normal differentiation into mature spermatozoa.

Interleukin 7 Receptor alpha (IL-7Rα), also known as CD127, is a 75 kDa hematopoietin receptor superfamily member that plays an important role in lymphocyte differentiation, proliferation, and survival. IL-7Rα is majorly expressed on T cells and their precursors, and early in B cell development as well, prior to the appearance of surface IgM. Dynamic regulation of IL-7Rα is important for the generation of appropriate immune responses. IL-7R alpha/CD127 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc & His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 75 KDa and the accession number is P16871.

Ephrin-B2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein and it contains 1 ephrin RBD (ephrin receptor-binding) domain. Ephrin-B2 belongs to the ephrin (EPH) family and it is cell surface transmembrane ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors contain the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and have been associated with mediating developmental events, particularly in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. Based upon their structures and sequence relationships, ephrins are allocated into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class, which are anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, which are transmembrane proteins. It also binds to receptor tyrosine kinase including EPHA4, EPHA3 and EPHB4 and together with EPHB4 plays a central role in heart morphogenesis and angiogenesis through regulation of cell adhesion and cell migration.

Human Siglec-15 is a transmembrane glycoprotein in the Siglec family. Siglecs are type I transmembrane proteins where the NH3+-terminus is in the extracellular space and the COO−-terminus is cytosolic. Each Siglec contains an N-terminal V-type immunoglobulin domain (Ig domain) which acts as the binding receptor for sialic acid. These lectins are placed into the group of I-type lectins because the lectin domain is an immunoglobulin fold. All Siglecs are extended from the cell surface by C2-type Ig domains which have no binding activity. Siglecs differ in the number of these C2-type domains. Human Siglec-15 consists of a 244 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain (ECD) with two Ig-like domains, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 44 aa cytoplasmic domain. Siglec-15 function is important for osteoclast formation and TRANCE/RANK Ligand signaling in osteoclasts

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT) is a protein that secreted into extracellular space. PLAT contains five domains: EGF-like domain, fibronectin type-I domain, 2 kringle domains and peptidase S1 domain. It belongs to the peptidase S1 family. The main function of this protein is to convert plasminogen into biologically active plasmin. As a protease, PLAT plays a crucial role in regulating blood fibrinolysis, maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular matrix and in modulating the post-translational activation of growth factors. PLAT is found not only in the blood, where its primary function is as a thrombolytic enzyme, but also in the central nervous system (CNS). It participates in a number of physiological and pathological events in the CNS, as well as the role of neuroserpin as the natural regulator of PLAT's activity in these processes. Increased or decreased activity of PLAT leads to hyperfibrinolysis or hypofibrinolysis, respectively. In addition, as a cytokine, PLAT plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis through diverse mechanisms. Thus, as a fibrogenic cytokine, it promotes the progression of kidney diseases.

Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), also named as CD166 and MEMD, is a typeI transmembrane glycoprotein of immunoglobulin superfamily, which mediates homotypic and heterotypic interactions between cells. ALCAM interacts with high affinity with CD6 molecule but weaker homotypic (ALCAM–ALCAM) interactions have also been described. ALCAM–CD6 interactions play an important role in the maintenance of T cell activation, proliferation as well as in formation of immune synapse between antigen-presenting cell and lymphocytes. ALCAM is expressed on a wide variety of cells, particularly on activated lymphocytes, dendritic cells and monocytes, and on various epithelial cell types. It is also involved in multiple processes including embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and immune response. While expressed in a wide variety of tissues, ALCAM is usually restricted to subsets of cells in most adult tissues. Recently studies showed ALCAM has prognostic relevance in several human carcinomas, and it has been used as a biomarker for several tumor entities, including melanoma, gynecologic, urologic, and gastrointestinal cancers.

Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Blk (BLK) contains one protein kinase domain, one SH2 domain and one SH3 domain. BLK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which is involved in B-lymphocyte development, differentiation and signaling. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling requires a tight regulation of several protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, and associated coreceptors. Signaling through BLK plays an important role in transmitting signals through surface immunoglobulines and supports the pro-B to pre-B transition, as well as the signaling for growth arrest and apoptosis downstream of B-cell receptor. Defects in BLK are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 11 (MODY11).

GAS6 (Growth arrest-specific protein 6) is also known as AXL receptor tyrosine kinase ligand, AXLLG, is a multimodular protein that is up-regulated by a wide variety of cell types in response to growth arrest. Gas6 binds and induces signaling through the receptor tyrosine kinases Axl, Dtk, and Mer whose signaling is implicated in cell growth and survival, cell adhesion and cell migration. GAS6/AXL signaling plays a role in various processes such as endothelial cell survival during acidification by preventing apoptosis, optimal cytokine signaling during human natural killer cell development, hepatic regeneration, gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron survival and migration, platelet activation, or regulation of thrombotic responses.

HGF, is a pleiotropic protein in the Plasminogen subfamily of S1 peptidases and contains 4 kringle domains, 1 PAN domain and 1 peptidase S1 domain. HGF is secreted as an inactive 728 amino acid (aa) single chain propeptide. It is cleaved after the fourth Kringle domain by a serine protease to form bioactive disulfide-linked HGF with a 60 kDa alpha and 30 kDa beta chain. HGF binds heparan-sulfate proteoglycans and the widely expressed receptor tyrosine kinase, HGF R/c-MET. HGF regulates epithelial morphogenesis by inducing cell scattering and branching tubulogenesis. It can also alter epithelium morphology by the induction of nectin-1 alpha ectodomain shedding, an adhesion protein component of adherens junctions. HGF regulates cell growth, cell motility, and morphogenesis by activating a tyrosine kinase signaling cascade after binding to the proto oncogenic c-Met receptor. HGF is secreted by mesenchymal cells and acts as a multi-functional cytokine on cells of mainly epithelial origin. Its ability to stimulate mitogenesis, cell motility, and matrix invasion gives it a central role in angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, and tissue regeneration.

Interleukin 23 receptor (IL23R) is a type I cytokine receptor for IL23. IL23 receptor complex is comprised of two subunits, the IL12Rβ1 subunit, which is shared with several cytokines, and a subunit that is unique to IL-23. IL23, after binding to IL23R, activates memory T cells and mediates pro-inflammatory activities in part by the production of IL17 through activation of TH17 lymphocytes. IL23R is expressed on T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. In fact, polymorphisms of the IL23R gene were reported to be associated with susceptibility to inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, Graves's ophtalmopathy and inflammatory bowel diseases. The IL23R is known to be critically involved in the carcinogenesis of different malignant tumor.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21(DR6) is a single-pass type I membrane protein and contains 1 death domain and 4 TNFR-Cys repeats. The protein may activate NF-kappa-B and promote apoptosis and it may activate JNK and be involved in T-cell differentiation.It is required for both normal cell body death and axonal pruning. Trophic-factor deprivation triggers the cleavage of surface APP by beta-secretase to release sAPP-beta which is further cleaved to release an N-terminal fragment of APP (N-APP). N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).

Interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha(IL-4RA), alos known as Soluble IL-4 receptor subunit alpha, belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family and type 4 subfamily. It expressed in both Th1 and Th2 cells. It functions as receptor for both interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 and couples to the JAK1/2/3-STAT6 pathway. The IL4 response is involved in promoting Th2 differentiation. The IL4/IL13 responses are involved in regulating IgE production and chemokine and mucus production at sites of allergic inflammation. In certain cell types, IL-4RA can signal through activation of insulin receptor substrates, IRS1/IRS2. The functional IL4 receptor is formed by initial binding of IL4 to IL4R. Subsequently it recruits to the complex of the common gamma chain. In immune cells, IL-4RA creates a type I receptor. In non-immune cells, it forms a type II receptor with of IL13RA1. IL4R can also interact with the IL13/IL13RA1 complex to form a similar type II receptor and interacts with the SH2-containing phosphatases, PTPN6/SHIP1, PTPN11/SHIP2 and INPP5D/SHIP.

Semaphorin-4D is also known as A8,BB18, GR3, CD100. Semaphorin-4D belongs to the semaphorin family containing 1 Ig-like C2-type domain, 1 PSI domain and 1 Sema domain. It is the cell surface receptor for PLXN1B and PLXNB2 that plays an important role in cell-cell signaling. It promotes the migration of cerebellar granule cells and of endothelial cells, regulates dendrite and axon branching and morphogenesis. Semaphorin-4D Plays a role in the immune system; Promotes signaling via SRC and PTK2B/PYK2, which then mediates activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and of the AKT1 signaling cascade.

Ephrin Type-B Receptor 1 (EPHB1) is a single-pass type I membrane protein that belongs to the Ephrin-B family of receptor tyrosine kinases that is involved in embryonic nervous and vascular system development. EPHB1/EPHT2 contains two fibronectin type-III domains, one protein kinase domain and one SAM (sterile α motif) domain. EPHB1 could stimulate fibroblast motility on extracellular matrix in a kinase-dependent manner, which also correlated with its association with Grb7, an adaptor molecule implicated in the regulation of cell migration. It binds to ephrin-B1, ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3. EPHB1 plays an important roles in diverse biological processes including nervous system development, angiogenesis, and neural synapsis formation and maturation and may be involved in cell-cell interactions in the nervous system.

Fumarase is an enzyme that catalyze the reversible hydration/dehydration of fumarate to S-malate and is involved in the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle. Fumarase exists in both form, cytosolic formand N-terminal extend mitochondrial form. The N-terminal extended form is targeted to the mitochondrion, where the removal of the extension is the same form as in the cytoplasm. Fumarase is thought to act as a tumor suppressor, which deficiency can lead to progressive encephalopathy, cerebral atrophy and development delay.