cattle

Antiarrhythmic peptide (cattle atrium), a hexapeptide, exhibits a protective effect against experimentally induced arrhythmias [1].

Thymosin β4 (cattle), a Ca2+-independent MLCK activator, demonstrates high affinity [1].

Neuropeptide AF (cattle), an amidated octadecapeptide and RFamide neuropeptide, serves as a ligand for Mas-related gene receptor A4 (MrgprA4) (Mas-related G-protein-coupled Receptor (MRGPR)) with an EC50 of approximately 60 nM, and MrgprC11 with an EC50 of around 300 nM. It activates G protein-coupled receptors NPFF1 (Neuropeptide Y Receptor) with an EC50 ranging from ~25 to 325 nM, and NPFF2 with an EC50 of approximately 1 to 5 nM. Additionally, Neuropeptide AF (cattle) exhibits anti-opiate effects and modulates related pain [1] [2].

Thymosin β4 (cattle) TFA is a high-affinity activator of MLCK that operates independently of Ca2+ [1].

Insulin bovine (Insulin from bovine pancreas) is a biologically derived two-chain polypeptide hormone, synthesized in vivo by pancreatic β cells. It is frequently utilized as a growth supplement in cell culture applications.

Diamfenetide is used in sheep and cattle for the treatment of liver fluxobacteria infections.

The leguminous shrub,Leucaena leucocephala(Leucaena) is wide‐spread in tropical and subtropical agricultural systems and provides a ready source of protein for livestock. However, the presence of mimosine, a non‐protein, amino acid comprising about 12% of the dry matter in growing tips ofLeucaena, is toxic to animals. Mimosine is degraded rapidly in the rumen to produce 3,4‐dihydroxypyridine (3,4‐DHP) and 2,3‐dihydroxypyridine (2,3‐DHP), both of which remain toxic to animals[1]. 3,4-DHP, as a derivative of the plant amino acid mimosine, is goitrogenic in cattle, sheep, and mice. In contrast to established antithyroid compounds, such as methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU), 3,4-DHP has no SH-group. 3,4-DHP with various concentrations inhibited incorporation of125I into protein in human thyroid slices. It also suppressed the activation of lymphocytes by PHA (phytohaemagglutinin) and PWM (pokeweed mitogen). Suppression with 3,4-DHP was seen at 100 and 1000 μmol/L (P< 0.001 vs both PHA and PWM). Those, together with a very low murine bone marrow toxicity, probably related to the absence of an SH-group, make 3,4-DHP a potential antithyroid drug[2].