SBE-β-CD (Sulfobutylether-β-Cyclodextrin) is a β-cyclodextrin derivative with a sodium sulfonate salt separated from the lipophilic cavity by a butyl ether spacer group, or sulfobutylether. SBE-β-CD is widely used as a co-solvent in biological experiments.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) (Viscosity:800-1200 mPa.s) is a water-soluble cellulose, commonly used as a co-solvent in animal experiments, and is essentially non-toxic to animals.

Tween 80 is a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier that reduces bacterial adherence and inhibits biofilm formation. Tween 80 is widely used as a co-solvent in pharmacology experiments because of its ability to enhance the solubility of compounds in the aqueous phase.

Castor oil (Xenaderm) is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of the castor bean, Ricinus communis, used as a laxative and as an excipient in medicinally.