oa-3

Nitrated unsaturated fatty acids, such as 10- and 12-nitrolinoleate , cholesteryl nitrolinoleate, and nitrohydroxylinoleate, represent a new class of endogenous lipid-derived signalling molecules. LNO2 isomers serve as potent endogenous ligands for PPARγ and can also decompose or be metabolized to release nitric oxide. 9-Nitrooleate is one of two regioisomers of nitrooleate, the other being 10-nitrooleate (OA-NO2; used for the mixture of isomers), which are formed by nitration of oleic acid in approximately equal proportions in vivo. Peroxynitrite, acidified nitrite, and myeloperoxidase in the presence of H2O2 and nitrite, all mediate the nitration of oleic acid. OA-NO2 is found in human plasma as the free acid and esterified in phospholipids at concentrations of 619 ± 52 nM and 302 ± 369 nM, respectively. OA-NO2 activates PPARγ approximately 7-fold at a concentration of 1 μM and effectively promotes differentiation 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes at 3 μM.

NF157 significantly decreases the expression of metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, which can be used in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). NF157 is a highly selective nanomolar P2Y11 antagonist (pKi: 7.35). The IC50s are 463 nM, 1811 µM, 170 µM for P2Y

Dihydroprehelminthosporol is a strongly phytotoxic metabolite, it exhibits cytotoxicity towards two human cancer cell lines, A549 and SK-OA-3.

Halofuginone hydrobromide (RU-19110), a derivative of Febrifugine, functions as a competitive inhibitor of prolyl-tRNA synthetase, displaying a K_i value of 18.3 nM. This compound effectively inhibits type-I collagen synthesis, providing therapeutic benefits in osteoarthritis (OA) by impeding TGF-β signaling. Additionally, it serves as a potent pulmonary vasodilator, mainly through the activation of Kv channels and the inhibition of various calcium channels including voltage-gated, receptor-operated, and store-operated ones. Beyond its vascular effects, Halofuginone hydrobromide exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-fibrotic properties, supported by multiple studies [1] [2] [3] [4] [5].

α-Glucosidase-IN-3, an oxime ester derivative of oleanolic acid (OA), exhibits inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.28 µM) and α-amylase (IC50 = 3.8 µM).

PF-4693627 is an effective and selective microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 inhibitor (IC50=3 nM). It is used for the treatment of inflammation caused by osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Cathepsin K Inhibitor 3, exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.5 nM, is a highly selective inhibitor of cathepsin K, featuring a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. It holds potential for use in studies of osteoarthritis (OA).

Yohimbic acid hydrate, an amphoteric demethylated derivative of Yohimbine, exhibits vasodilatory properties and is utilized in osteoarthritis (OA) research [1] [2] [3].