relapsing remitting

Firategrast (SB 683699) is an orally active and specific α4β1 α4β7 integrin antagonist that reduces the transport of lymphocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) and decreases multiple sclerosis (MS) activity. It is used in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, associated with modest reductions in CD4, CD8, and CD19 lymphocyte counts in cerebrospinal fluid.

Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a synthetic amino acid copolymer that is approved for treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS).

Laquinimod (LAQ) is an effective immunomodulator, which is currently under development in phase III trials for the treatment of multiple sclerosis as an oral therapy.

1-Linoleoyl lysophosphatidic acid (1-linoleoyl LPA), a glycerophospholipid with linoleic acid at its sn-1 position, acts as an LPA2 receptor agonist and is the predominant LPA form in both mouse and human plasma. This compound preferentially boosts intracellular calcium in Sf9 cells expressing the LPA2 receptor (EC50 = ~10 nM), compared to those with LPA1 and LPA3 receptors (EC50s = ~200 and ~80 nM, respectively). Notably, 1-linoleoyl LPA serum concentrations are elevated in mice with NCTC clone 2472 tumors, while its plasma levels are reduced in primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients—unlike in those with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis—and inversely associate with the severity of neurological deficits.

PLP (139-151), an amino acid residue from positions 139 to 151 of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), is utilized to induce the relapsing-remitting (RR)-EAE model.

Laquinimod (ABR-215062) sodium is a carboxamide derivative administered orally that serves as a powerful immunomodulator, designed to prevent inflammation and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. This compound effectively diminishes the activation of astrocytic NF-κB, offering protection against Cuprizone-induced demyelination. It shows promise for the treatment of both relapsing-remitting (RR) and chronic progressive (CP) forms of multiple sclerosis (MS; RRMS or CPMS), in addition to its potential applications in the study of neurodegenerative diseases [1] [2] [3] [4].

Natalizumab used for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease.

C18 3'-sulfo Galactosylceramide is a member of the sulfatide class of glycolipids. Levels of short-chain sulfatides, including C18 3'-sulfo galactosylceramide, decrease with age in mice and humans. It is increased in brain from mice with an arylsulfatase A deficiency (ASA-KO), particularly in lipid raft fractions. Plasma levels of C18 3'-sulfo galactosylceramide positively correlate with disability progression in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis using the Expanded Disability Status Scale. It is also increased in plasma from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD).