virulence

Essential virulence determinant. This protein is a protein tyrosine phosphatase. The essential function of YopH in Yersinia pathogenesis is host-protein dephosphorylation. It contributes to the ability of the bacteria to resist phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages.

Involved in DNA transformation; mediates the nuclear uptake of single-stranded DNA copies of the transferred DNA (T-DNA) element. Binds single-stranded but not double-stranded DNA regardless of nucleotide sequence composition. Single-strand DNA-binding protein Protein, Agrobacterium fabrum, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 70.3 kDa and the accession number is P08062.

Essential virulence determinant; cytotoxic effector, involved in resistance to phagocytosis.

pGP3-D Protein, Chlamydia trachomatis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30.3 kDa and the accession number is P0CE18.

Possibly involved in calcium regulation of YOP expression, which includes the export process.

pGP3-D Protein, Chlamydia trachomatis, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.9 kDa and the accession number is P0CE18.

Cysteine proteinase with a strong preference for substrates with Lys in the P1 position. Hydrolyzes bovine hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, casein, human placental type I collagen and human IgA and IgG. Disrupts the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. May act as a virulence factor in the development of peridontal disease. Involved in the coaggregation of P.gingivalis with other oral bacteria. Lys-gingipain 381 Protein, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 44.8 kDa and the accession number is P72194.

Cysteine proteinase with a strong preference for substrates with Lys in the P1 position. Hydrolyzes bovine hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, casein, human placental type I collagen and human IgA and IgG. Disrupts the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. May act as a virulence factor in the development of peridontal disease. Involved in the coaggregation of P.gingivalis with other oral bacteria. Lys-gingipain HG66 Protein, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.4 kDa and the accession number is P72197.

Cell surface-associated protein implicated in virulence. Promotes bacterial attachment exclusively to the gamma-chain of human fibrinogen. Induces formation of bacterial clumps. ClfA Protein, S. aureus (strain COL), Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40.0 kDa and the accession number is Q5HHM8.

Cell surface-associated protein implicated in virulence by promoting bacterial attachment to both alpha- and beta-chains of human fibrinogen and inducing the formation of bacterial clumps. ClfB Protein, S. aureus (strain MRSA252), Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 69.8 kDa and the accession number is Q6GDH2.

Important streptococcal virulence factor which cleaves human fibronectin and degrades vitronectin. Also cleaves human IL1B precursor to form biologically active IL1B. Can induce apoptosis in human monocytes and epithelial cells in vitro, and reduces phagocytic activity in monocytic cells. Thus, may play a role in bacterial colonization, invasion, and inhibition of wound healing. Streptopain Protein, S. pyogenes, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 43.6 kDa and the accession number is P0C0J0.

Plays a role in virulence.

The S-layer is a paracrystalline mono-layered assembly of proteins which coats the surface of bacteria. This protein is critical for virulence. S-layer Protein, Campylobacter fetus, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.0 kDa and the accession number is P35827.

Agglutinogen that binds to eukaryotic cells; a process mediated by the R-G-D sequence. Pertactin may have a role in bacterial adhesion, and thus play a role in virulence. May contribute to the disease state of whooping cough. Pertactin autotransporter Protein, Bordetella pertussis, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.8 kDa and the accession number is P14283.

Essential virulence factor associated with macrophage infectivity. Exhibits PPIase activity.

Cysteine proteinase with a strong preference for substrates with Lys in the P1 position. Hydrolyzes bovine hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, casein, human placental type I collagen and human IgA and IgG. Disrupts the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. May act as a virulence factor in the development of peridontal disease. Involved in the coaggregation of P.gingivalis with other oral bacteria. Lys-gingipain Protein, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 56.6 kDa and the accession number is B2RLK2.

Lysine-specific endoprotease. Involved in corneal virulence. Lysyl endopeptidase Protein, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.4 kDa and the accession number is Q9HWK6.

Spike-forming protein that mediates virion attachment to the host epithelial cell receptors and plays a major role in cell penetration, determination of host range restriction and virulence. Rotavirus attachment and entry into the host cell probably involves multiple sequential contacts between the outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7, and the cell receptors. It is subsequently lost, together with VP7, following virus entry into the host cell. Following entry into the host cell, low intracellular or intravesicular Ca(2+) concentration probably causes the calcium-stabilized VP7 trimers to dissociate from the virion. This step is probably necessary for the membrane-disrupting entry step and the release of VP4, which is locked onto the virion by VP7.; Forms the spike 'foot' and 'body' and acts as a membrane permeabilization protein that mediates release of viral particles from endosomal compartments into the cytoplasm. During entry, the part of VP5* that protrudes from the virus folds back on itself and reorganizes from a local dimer to a trimer. This reorganization may be linked to membrane penetration.; Forms the head of the spikes and mediates the recognition of specific host cell surface glycans. It is the viral hemagglutinin and an important target of neutralizing antibodies.

Virulence factor that is important for the establishment of infection in the host. EsxA is required for EsxB synthesis as well as secretion. Modulates host cell apoptotic pathways and mediates together with EsxB the release of S.aureus from the host cell. By acting on apoptosis, plays a role in the modulation of dendritic cell-mediated immunity. EsxA Protein, S. aureus, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.0 kDa and the accession number is Q6GCJ0.

Virulence factor that contributes to intimate adherence of enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) O157:H7 to host cells. Is able to cleave the secreted human mucin 7 (MUC7) and the glycoprotein 340 (DMBT1/GP340). Also cleaves human C1 inhibitor (SERPING1), a regulator of multiple inflammatory pathways, and binds and localizes it to bacterial and host cell surfaces, protecting them from complement-mediated lysis. Therefore, the current model proposes two roles for StcE during infection: it acts first as a mucinase, allowing passage of EHEC through the oral cavity by cleaving the salivary glycoproteins that are responsible for bacterial aggregation. Similarly, in the colon, StcE cleaves the glycoproteins that protect the intestinal epithelial surface, allowing EHEC to come into close contact with host cell membranes. Secondly, it acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by localizing SERPING1 to cell membranes.

Virulence factor; cleaves host immunoglobulin A producing intact Fc and Fab fragments. IGA1 protease Protein, Haemophilus influenzae, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 43.2 kDa and the accession number is P45385.

Vacuolar aspartic endopeptidase which is probably also secreted and contributes to virulence.

Adhesin necessary for successful cytadherence and virulence. P30 adhesin Protein, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Recombinant (GST & His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 49.6 kDa and the accession number is P75330.

Important streptococcal virulence factor which cleaves human fibronectin and degrades vitronectin. Also cleaves human IL1B precursor to form biologically active IL1B. Can induce apoptosis in human monocytes and epithelial cells in vitro, and reduces phagocytic activity in monocytic cells. Thus, may play a role in bacterial colonization, invasion, and inhibition of wound healing. Streptopain Protein, S. pyogenes serotype M28, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 43.6 kDa and the accession number is Q48R29.

Virulence factor that plays an important role in immune evasion. Lyses human lymphocytes and monocytes. Binds to the LFA-1 integrin on the surface of the host cell and to cholesterol-containing membranes, which probably results in large LtxA-LFA-1 clusters in lipid rafts. Shows also beta-hemolytic activity on certain types of growth media. Leukotoxin Protein, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 38.3 kDa and the accession number is P16462.

Protects DNA from oxidative damage by sequestering intracellular Fe(2+) ion and storing it in the form of Fe(3+) oxyhydroxide mineral. One hydrogen peroxide oxidizes two Fe(2+) ions, which prevents hydroxyl radical production by the Fenton reaction. Required for the survival in the presence of oxidative stress. Dps is also a virulence factor that activates neutrophils, mast cells and monocytes. It binds to neutrophil-glycosphingolipids and to sulfated carbohydrates on mucin. It might have a role in the accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes at the site of infection. Induces superoxide anion generation, adhesion and chemotaxis of neutrophils, through a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway involving MAP kinases.

One of the virulence factors produced during swarmer cell differentiation of the bacteria, which seems to be associated with pathogenesis. The protease activity is limited to IgA1, IgA2, as well as IgG degradation. Serralysin Protein, Proteus mirabilis, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 68.4 kDa and the accession number is Q11137.

Cell surface-associated protein implicated in virulence. Promotes bacterial attachment exclusively to the gamma-chain of human fibrinogen. Induces formation of bacterial clumps. ClfA Protein, S. aureus (strain MSSA476), Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 52.1 kDa and the accession number is Q6GB45.

Plays a role in virulence and host-pathogen interactions. Mediates binding to human platelets via interaction with the human cell surface glycoprotein GP1BA. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation, possibly by self-association via the basic region (BR). GspB Protein, S. gordonii, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 68.5 kDa and the accession number is Q939N5.

Catalyzes the oxidative conversion of Delta(5)-ene-3-beta-hydroxy steroid, and the oxidative conversion of ketosteroids. The 3-beta-HSD enzymatic system plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids. During viral infection, steroid production contributes to virulence by inhibiting the host inflammatory response. Vaccinia virus (strain Western Reserve) 3-beta-HSD Protein (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.9 kDa and the accession number is P26670.

The NS1 Influenza protein is created by the internal protein-encoding, linear negative-sense, single-stranded RNA, NS gene segment and which also codes for the nuclear export protein or NEP, formerly referred to as the NS2 protein, which mediates the export of vRNPs. The non-structural (NS1) protein is found in Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, and Influenzavirus C. The non-structural (NS1) protein of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses circulating in poultry and waterfowl in Southeast Asia is currently believed to be responsible for the enhanced virulence of the strain. The Non-structural (NS1) protein of influenza A virus is a non-essential virulence factor that has multiple accessory functions during viral infection. The major role ascribed to NS1 has been its inhibition of host immune responses, especially the limitation of both interferon (IFN) production and the antiviral effects of IFN-induced proteins, such as dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L. Non-structural (NS1) protein is a non-structural protein of the influenza A virus, which could only be expressed when cells are infected. The effect of NS1 protein on the host cell is still not clear. Not only could NS1 remarkably affect metabolism, but it could also slow down cell proliferation by blocking the cell cycle. Non-structural (NS1) protein may lead to the development of novel antiviral drugs, and the use of oncolytic influenza A viruses as potential anti-cancer agents.

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase PKA is a well-characterized member of the serine-threonine protein AGC kinase family and is the effector kinase of cAMP signaling. As such, PKA is involved in the control of a wide variety of cellular processes including metabolism, cell growth, gene expression and apoptosis. cAMP-dependent PKA signaling pathways play important roles during infection and virulence of various pathogens. Since fluxes in cAMP are involved in multiple intracellular functions, a variety of different pathological infectious processes can be affected by PKA signaling pathways.

Binds to sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the cell. This attachment induces virion internalization either through clathrin-dependent endocytosis or through clathrin- and caveolin-independent pathway. Plays a major role in the determination of host range restriction and virulence. Class I viral fusion protein. Responsible for penetration of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by mediating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytosed virus particle with the endosomal membrane. Low pH in endosomes induces an irreversible conformational change in HA2, releasing the fusion hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are required to form a competent fusion pore.

Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Plays a role in cell protection against oxidative stress by detoxifying peroxides and as sensor of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events. Required for virulence.

Cell surface-associated protein implicated in virulence. Promotes bacterial attachment exclusively to the gamma-chain of human fibrinogen. Induces formation of bacterial clumps.

Cell surface-associated protein implicated in virulence. Promotes bacterial attachment exclusively to the gamma-chain of human fibrinogen. Induces formation of bacterial clumps. ClfA Protein, S. aureus (strain COL), Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 38.0 kDa and the accession number is Q5HHM8.