Purpurin (Verantin) was a reversible and competitive inhibitor of MAO-A with a Ki value of 0.422μM. it exhibits anti-angiogenic, antifungal, antibiotic, and antioxidative activities.
Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid acts as a potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive component in vivo, thus contributing to the immune regulatory role of fruits and herbs.
Alizarin (Mordant Red 11), a red dye derived from the roots of plants of the madder genus, inhibits P450 isoform CYP1A1( IC50 = 6.2 μM), CYP1A2 (IC50 =10.0 μM )and CYP1B1(IC50 = 2.7 μM).
Rubiadin (1,3-Dihydroxy-2-Methylanthracene-9,10-Dione) possesses potent antioxidant property, it can prevent lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4 and t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) in a dose dependent manner.
Mollugin (Rubimaillin) may be a JAK2 inhibitor and inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses by blocking the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Mollugin as a candidate for a chemotherapeutic agent in OSCCs via the upregulation of the HO-1 and Nrf2 pathways and the downregulation of NF- κ B. Mollugin may be a novel therapeutic candidate for bone loss-associated disorders including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Also, it has anticancer efficacy, can modulate the HER2 pathway in HER2-overexpressing Y cells with a potential role in the treatment and prevention of human breast and ovarian Y with HER2 overexpression.
Furomollugin has antiviral activity, it can strongly suppress the secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), with IC50 = 2.0 micrograms/mL, in human hepatoma Hep3B cells.
Lucidin primeveroside (Lucidin 3-O-primeveroside) is a natural product isolated from the root powder of akane (Rubia akane) and can be used as a coloring agent and a food pigment. Lucidin primeveroside can be metabolically converted to genotoxic compound Lucidin in mice.