α-Glucosidase (α-D-Glucosidase) is a carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme that catalyzes the release of α-glucose from the non-reducing end of the substrate. It plays a vital role in facilitating glucose absorption by the small intestine. Inhibiting α-Glucosidase effectively manages non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Prunetin 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, an isoflavone obtained from Potentilla astracanica extracts, is a potent uncompetitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase (IC 50 = 56.05 μg/mL). It serves as a valuable tool for type-2 diabetes research.

2-Nitrophenyl a-D-glucopyranoside is a substrate of β-glucosidase [1] .

pNPG-1(4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucuronide) is a glucuronide monosaccharide derivative that is a chromogenic substrate for β-glucosidase.

Apigenin 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside has inhibitory activity against the enzyme yeast a-glucosidase, withthe IC50 value of 287.12 muM.

Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside (Isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-Glucoside) inhibits the activity of alpha-glucosidase from rat intestine; it exhibits a potent rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) inhibition in vitro, its IC(50) being 1.4 microM and has inhibitory effects of sorbitol accumulation, suggests that it is a leading compound for further study as a new drug for the prevention and/or treatment of diabetes and its complications.

Cholesterol β-D-glucoside is a derivative of cholesterol that contains β-D-glucose . It is formed from cholesterol and glucosylceramide by β-glucosidase 1. It activates heat shock transcription factor 1 (Hsf1) in response to heat shock, which increases the expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in TIG-3 human fetal lung fibroblasts when used at a concentration of 10 μM. Cholesterol β-D-glucoside (100 mg/kg) prevents ulcer formation following cold-restraint stress and increases Hsf1 activity, as well as Hsp70 expression and protein levels in rat gastric mucosa.

4-Nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside is a disaccharide and an enzyme substrate. It has been used to characterize the function of endoglucanase 1 from T. harzianum, β-glucosidase from T. xylanolyticum, and glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) aryl β-glucosidases from A. oryzae.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside serves as a fluorogenic substrate for α-glucosidase, used in enzymatic assays. This compound undergoes cleavage by α-glucosidase, releasing 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU), a compound whose fluorescence intensity varies with pH. Specifically, 4-MU exhibits excitation peaks at 320 nm and 360 nm in acidic (pH 1.97-6.72) and alkaline environments (pH 7.12-10.3), respectively, and its emission peak ranges between 445 nm and 455 nm, with brightness increasing as the pH drops. Utilizing these properties, 4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside has been effectively applied in the measurement of α-glucosidase activity within infant blood spot samples, acting as a diagnostic marker for Fabry and Pompe diseases. These illnesses are types of lysosomal storage disorders caused by α-glucosidase enzyme deficiency.

Glycosidase-IN-1 is a glycosidase inhibitor synthesized from D-mannose with hypoglycemic activity. It can be used to synthesize some immunosuppressive agents and β-glucosidase inhibitors.

Afegostat D-Tartrate is a pharmacological chaperone that specifically and reversibly binds acid-β-glucosidase (GCase) in the endoplasmic reticulum with high affinity.

Naringinase is a hydrolytic enzymatic complex that exhibits α-L-rhamnosidase and β-D-glucosidase activities. It is widely found in nature and is primarily utilized for the biotransformation of steroids, antibiotics, and glycosides.