hypothalamus

LH-RH, salmon acetate(86073-88-3 free base) (Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH), salmon acetate) is a pituitary Hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and plays a crucial role in the control of reproductive function.

PACAP (1-27), human, ovine, rat acetate (PACAP 1-27 acetate) is a novel neuropeptides originally isolated from bovine hypothalamus, also found in humans and rats.

β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) acetate, existing in the hypophysis cerebri and hypothalamus, exhibits antinociception activity. β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) acetate is an agonist of opioid receptor, showing preferred affinity for μ-opioid receptor and δ-opioid

HS 014 acetate is a potent and selective melanocortin MC4 receptor antagonist (Ki values are 3.16, 108, 54.4 and 694 nM for cloned human MC4, MC1, MC3 and MC5 receptors respectively). Increases food intake in rats and nociception in mice following central

Galantide acetate, a non-specific galanin receptor antagonist, is a peptide consisting of fragments of galanin and substance P. Galantide acetate recognizes two classes of galanin binding sites (KD<0.1 nM and ~6 nM) in the rat hypothalamus. Galantide acetate dose dependently (IC50=1.0 nM) antagonizes the galanin-mediated inhibition of the glucose-induced insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic islets. Galantide acetate appears to bind to a single population of SP receptors (KD~40 nM).

Vasopressin acetate, a cyclic nonapeptide, is synthesized centrally in the hypothalamus. Vasopressin acetate acts as a neurotransmitter, exerting its action by binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors.

Melanin Concentrating Hormone, salmon acetate (MCH (salmon)) is a 19 amino acid cyclic peptide, is largely expressed in the hypothalamus.

Bam 12P acetate is the putative enkephalin precursor in bovine adrenal, pituitary, and hypothalamus.

Mouse UcnIII is expressed predominantly in regions of the brain known to be involved in stress-related behaviours, and its expression in the hypothalamus increases following restraint.

Melanin Concentrating Hormone (MCH), a 19 amino acid cyclic peptide, is largely expressed in the hypothalamus.

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that plays a pivotal role in regulating reproduction and has applications in cancer research [1].

Agouti-related Protein (AGRP) (83-132) Amide (human) is a segment derived from the agouti-related protein (AGRP), abundantly present in the hypothalamus' arcuate nucleus. It predominantly functions as an inverse agonist for the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), thereby promoting food intake [1] [2].

GnRH-I is a small 10 amino acid long peptide (decapeptide) from the hypothalamus,It is also known as luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), is a key molecule in the regulation of reproduction in vertebrates. GnRH, a decapeptide, is produced by neur

β-Endorphin (β-EP) is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide with diverse biological activities. It is produced via piomelanocortin cleavage in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and in lymphocytes, then migrates to its sites of action which include plasma, gut, skin, placenta, cerebrospinal fluid, and cardiac tissues. β-EP induces concentration-dependent decreases in electrically stimulated contraction of the mouse vas deferens that can be reversed by the μ-opioid antagonist CTP and δ-opioid antagonist ICI 174,864. In vivo, β-EP (5 μg, i.c.v.) slows gastrointestinal transit in mice. β-EP (0.5 or 5 μg, i.c.v.) stimulates food intake in rats for 4 to 6 hours, however, this effect is not prolonged with continuous infusion. It antagonizes the appetite-suppressive effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) for the first three days post administration. β-EP also reduces paralytic demyelination induced by the murine coronavirus MHV-JHM in immunocompetent, but not irradiated or immune-incompetent, mice and rats.

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, is a naturally-occurring peptide hormone of 14 or 28 amino acid residues that regulates the endocrine system. It is secreted by the D cells of the islets to inhibit the release of insulin and

Endogenous peptide GPR83 agonist. ProSAAS-derived neuropeptide. Activates phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated signaling cascade in mouse hypothalamus.

Human growth hormone-releasing factor stimulates GH production and release by binding to the GHRH Receptor (GHRHR) on cells in the anterior pituitary.Growth hormone-releasing hormone is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus. The main role of growth hormo

PACAP (1-27) (the N-terminal fragment of PACAP-38) is a novel neuropeptides originally isolated from bovine hypothalamus, also found in humans and rats.

Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH) is a pituitary Hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and plays a crucial role in the control of reproductive function.

TAK-683 TFA, a potent full KISS1 receptor (KISS1R) agonist with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 170 pM, exhibits enhanced metabolic stability. As a nonapeptide metastin analog, it demonstrates agonistic activities towards KISS1R, with effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.96 nM for humans and 1.6 nM for rats. In vivo, TAK-683 TFA reduces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels in the hypothalamus and decreases plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels. Given these effects, TAK-683 TFA holds promise for research into hormone-dependent prostate cancer.

Galanin-Like Peptide (porcine) is a 60 amino acid neuropeptide originally isolated from the porcine hypothalamus. It exhibits a high affinity for the GALR2 receptor with an IC 50 of 0.24 nM and a comparatively lower affinity for the GALR1 receptor, with an IC 50 of 4.3 nM [1].

Potent and selective melanocortin MC4 receptor antagonist (Ki values are 3.16, 108, 54.4 and 694 nM for cloned human MC4, MC1, MC3 and MC5 receptors respectively). Increases food intake in rats and nociception in mice following central administration in v

Melanin Concentrating Hormone (MCH), a 19 amino acid cyclic peptide, is largely expressed in the hypothalamus. Melanin Concentrating Hormone is implicated in the control of general arousal and goal-orientated behaviours in mammals, and appears to be a key

LH-RH (7-10), a tetrapeptide, constitutes a principal degradation product of luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) through the action of the pituitary and hypothalamus. This compound is synthesized in macrophages, as well as type I-like and type II pneumocytes [3].

Urocortin II is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin III , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Mouse urocortin II shares 34 and 42% sequence homology with rat CRF and urocortin . It is expressed in mouse paraventricular, supraoptic, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus, and in motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal ventral horn. Urocortin II selectively binds to CRF1 over CRF2 receptors (Kis = 0.66 and >100 nM, respectively) and induces cAMP production in CHO cells expressing CRF2 (EC50 = 0.14 nM). In vivo, urocortin II suppresses nighttime food intake by 35% in rats when administered intracerebroventricularly at a dose of 1 μg. Urocortin II (0.1 and 0.5 μg, i.c.v) stimulates fecal pellet output, increases distal colonic transit, and inhibits gastric emptying in mice.2References1. Reyes, T.M., Lewis, K., Perrin, M.H., et al. Urocortin II: A member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(5), 2843-2848 (2001).2. Martinez, V., Wang, L., Million, M., et al. Urocortins and the regulation of gastrointestinal motor function and visceral pain. Peptides 25(10), 1733-1744 (2004). Urocortin II is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin III , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Mouse urocortin II shares 34 and 42% sequence homology with rat CRF and urocortin . It is expressed in mouse paraventricular, supraoptic, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus, and in motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal ventral horn. Urocortin II selectively binds to CRF1 over CRF2 receptors (Kis = 0.66 and >100 nM, respectively) and induces cAMP production in CHO cells expressing CRF2 (EC50 = 0.14 nM). In vivo, urocortin II suppresses nighttime food intake by 35% in rats when administered intracerebroventricularly at a dose of 1 μg. Urocortin II (0.1 and 0.5 μg, i.c.v) stimulates fecal pellet output, increases distal colonic transit, and inhibits gastric emptying in mice.2 References1. Reyes, T.M., Lewis, K., Perrin, M.H., et al. Urocortin II: A member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(5), 2843-2848 (2001).2. Martinez, V., Wang, L., Million, M., et al. Urocortins and the regulation of gastrointestinal motor function and visceral pain. Peptides 25(10), 1733-1744 (2004).

Dynorphin (1-8) is an opioid octapeptide from the porcine hypothalamus. It comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin.

LH-RH (4-10), a heptapeptide, represents one of the primary degradation products of luteinising-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), occurring through the pathways of the pituitary and hypothalamus. It is produced in macrophages and type II pneumocytes [1].

PACAP (1-38), a novel neuropeptide isolated from the bovine hypothalamus is more active than vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in stimulating adenylate cyclase (EC50=7 nM). PACAP 1-38 (10-9 M) increased substance P (SP), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP),

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is only synthesized in NPY containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. The appetite-stimulating effect

TAK-683 acetate is a nonapeptide metastin analog and a potent full agonist of the KISS1 receptor (KISS1R), exhibiting IC 50 =170 pM and enhanced metabolic stability. This compound shows agonistic activities towards KISS1R, with EC 50 values of 0.96 nM and 1.6 nM for human and rat KISS1R, respectively. TAK-683 acetate effectively depletes GnRH in the hypothalamus and reduces plasma levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone in vivo, showcasing its potential for hormone-dependent prostate cancer research.

LH-RH II (chicken), a structural variant of mammalian luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) found in the hypothalamus of the domestic hen, exists as one of two forms of LHRH that enhance gonadotropin release in domestic chickens [1] [2].

Acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) is a neuropeptide found in rat hippocampus, brain stem, and pituitary. It is also present in the human hypothalamus, where it comprises approximately 4.9% of total β-endorphin peptides. Acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) is produced through posttranslational processing of β-endorphin and is processed similarly in rat and human hypothalamus. Levels of acetyl β-endorphin (1-26) increase in the rat pars intermedia and brain stem following chronic administration of haloperidol .