ischemic brain injury

Repinotan (BAY x 3702 free base) is an orally active, selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), exhibits neuroprotective activity, counteracts morphine-induced depression of ventilation in anesthetized rats, and may be used in studies of acute ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury.

3-hydroxy-3-phenylpentanamide is a chiral compound belonging to the class of beta-hydroxyamides. In neurology, it has been shown to have neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury and cerebral hemorrhage. In psychiatry, it has been studied as a potential treatment for anxiety, depression and addiction. In oncology, it has been shown to have antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth.

Repinotan HCl (Bay-x-3702) is an orally active, selective and potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist across the blood-brain barrier and is an aminomethylbenzidine derivative.Repinotan HCl has potent neuroprotective effects and can be used in studies of ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury.

Colivelin is a neuroprotective peptide and activator of STAT3. Colivelin is a hybrid peptide synthesized to enhance the neuroprotective effects of humanin (HN).

BRL 52537 hydrochloride is a selective and specific KOR agonist which has been implicated in neuroprotection from ischemic neuronal injury[1]. It is used for research into potential treatments for stroke and heart attack as well as more general brain rese

Deltorphin II is a peptide agonist of δ2-opioid receptors.1,2It is selective for δ-opioid receptors over μ- and κ-opioid receptors in radioligand bindings assays (Kis = 0.0033, >1, and >1 μM, respectively) and induces [35S]GTPγS binding in mouse brain membrane preparations (EC50= 0.034 μM). Deltorphin II (0.12 mg/kg) decreases the infarction zone:risk zone ratio in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by coronary occlusion, an effect that can be reversed by the δ2-opioid receptor antagonist naltriben but not the δ1-opioid receptor antagonist BNTX.3Intrathecal administration of deltorphin II (15 μg/animal) increases latency to withdraw in the paw pressure and tail-flick tests in rats.4 1.Raynor, K., Kong, H., Chen, Y., et al.Pharmacological characterization of the cloned κ-, δ-, and μ-opioid receptorsMol. Pharm.45(2)330-334(1994) 2.Scherrer, G., Befort, K., Contet, C., et al.The delta agonists DPDPE and deltorphin II recruit predominantly mu receptors to produce thermal analgesia: A parallel study of mu, delta and combinatorial opioid receptor knockout miceEur. J. Neurosci.19(8)2239-2248(2004) 3.Maslov, L.N., Barzakh, E.I., Krylatov, A.V., et al.Opioid peptide deltorphin II simulates the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning: role of δ2-opioid receptors, protein kinase C, and KATP channelsBull. Exp. Biol. Med.149(5)591-593(2010) 4.Labuz, D., Toth, G., Machelska, H., et al.Antinociceptive effects of isoleucine derivatives of deltorphin I and deltorphin II in rat spinal cord: A search for selectivity of delta receptor subtypesNeuropeptides32(6)511-517(1998)

Tirilazad, a nonglucocorticoid 21-aminosteroid, serves to inhibit lipid peroxidation. It mitigates the effects of trauma-induced brain or spinal cord injury, as well as damage resulting from stroke, ischemia, and reperfusion injury. Additionally, Tirilazad exhibits antiviral properties against nCoV and offers neuroprotection in cases of ischemic stroke. It is also utilized in subarachnoid hemorrhage research [1] [2] [3].

Monomethyl lithospermate (Lithospermic acid monomethyl ester) has potential antiviral activity, alleviating ischemic stroke injury in vivo in middle cerebral artery occlusion mice by activating PI5K Akt signaling and protecting oxygen-glucose deprivation reoxygenation-induced SHSY-3Y cells in vitro. Monomethyl lithospermate could improve the viability of SHSY-5Y cells, inhibit mitochondrial membrane potential (MMOP) collapse, and inhibit cell apoptosis. Monomethyl lithospermate also reduced the level of oxidative stress in the brain tissue of middle artery occlusion (MCAO) rats and improved nerve damage in ischemic stroke (IS) rats.

NNZ 2591, a synthetic analogue of cyclic glycine-proline (cGP), exhibits oral activity and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This compound demonstrates neuroprotective properties following ischemic brain injury and improves motor function in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. NNZ 2591 holds research potential for ischemic brain injury and Angelman syndrome [1] [2] [3].

Barlerin (8-O-Acetylshanzhiside methyl ester) has potential against cerebral ischemic injury, and its protective effect on oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury might be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca2+ elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvement of mitochondrial energy metabolism.8-O-Acetylshanzhiside methylester can increase angiogenesis and improve functional recovery after stroke.8-O-Acetylshanzhiside methylester has protective effects on experimental myocardial ischemia injury, the effects might be due to block of myocardial inflammatory cascades through an HMGB1-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway.8-O-Acetylshanzhiside methylester protects diabetic brain against I/R injury by alleviating diabetic cerebral I/R injury and attenuating blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and its protective effects may involve HMGB-1 and NF-κB signalling pathway.

Moexipril hydrochloride (Moexipril HCl) is a potent orally active nonsulfhydrylangiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)inhibitor, used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

HAMI 3379 is a potent and selective antagonist of the Cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT2) receptor. HAMI 3379 has a protective effect on acute and subacute ischemic brain injury. It also attenuates microglia-related inflammation.