l dopa

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an amino acid precursor of dopamine with antiparkinsonian properties. Levodopa is a prodrug that is converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase and can cross the blood-brain barrier. When in the brain, levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine and stimulates the dopaminergic receptors, thereby compensating for the depleted supply of endogenous dopamine seen in Parkinson's disease. To assure that adequate concentrations of levodopa reach the central nervous system, it is administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, thereby diminishing the decarboxylation and inactivation of levodopa in peripheral tissues and increasing the delivery of dopamine to the CNS.

Trans-Clovamide (trans-Clovamide) is a naturally occurring caffeoyl conjugate identified in the antioxidant polyphenolic fraction of cocoa (T. cacao L.) Trans-Clovamide is a potent antioxidantand that has shown neuroprotective effects (EC50s = 0.9-3.7 µM) in several in vitro models of neuronal death. Trans-Clovamide is an excellent ROS and oxygen radical scavenger and also has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Clovamide is an anti-microbial with activity against the human pathogens influenza A subtype H5N1, Trypanosoma evansi, and Heliobacter pylori.

Etilevodopa is an ethyl-ester prodrug of Levodopa which is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is rapidly hydrolyzed to Levodopa and ethanol by nonspecific esterases in the gastrointestinal tract. Levodopa is the direct precursor of dop

6-Hydroxykaempferol is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase compared to L-DOPA, it shows also high antioxidant activities.

Catalpalactone exhibits high antitermitic, and cytotoxic activities, it exhibits potent inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced NO synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells , with IC50 values of 9.80 microM. Catalpalactone can inhibit dopamine biosynthesis by

3-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Hydroumbellic acid) is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer1 that is produced by the metabolism of 3-(2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid. It is generated by abkar1 enzyme via a reduction-of-alpha-beta-unsaturated-compounds-pattern1 reaction. This reduction-of-alpha-beta-unsaturated-compounds-pattern1 occurs in human gut microbiota.

Catalponol can enhance dopamine biosynthesis by inducing TH activity and protect against L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells, which was mediated by the increased levels of cyclic AMP.

Gynosaponin TN-2, demonstrating anti-Parkinsonian activity, mitigates L-DOPA (100 and 200 μM)-induced apoptotic cell death in pheochromocytoma 12 cells through the modulation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 activation.

1. beta-Asarone (Cis-Isoelemicin) may be a potential preventive drug for Alzheimer's disease. 2. Beta-Asarone prevents autophagy and synaptic loss by reducing ROCK expression in SAMP8 mice. 3. The co-administration of beta-Asarone(Cis-Isoasarone) and l-dopa may contribute to the treatment of 6-OHDA-induced damage in rats by inhibiting autophagy activity. 4. Beta-Asarone exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through NF-κB signaling and the JNK pathways in activated microglial cells and might be developed as a promising candidate to treat various neuroinflammatory diseases.

Vanicoside E is an antioxidant and antitumor agent. Vanicoside E inhibits L-Tyrosine and L-DOPA with IC 50 s of 45.23 μM and 189.96 μM, respectively [1] [2] .