mania

Antileishmanial agent-25 (compound 24) exhibits selective activity against intracellular amastigotes, demonstrating an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.63 μM [1].

Didesmethyl cariprazine, a metabolite of Cariprazine, is the major cyclic active part. Didesmethyl cariprazine has a long half-life of 1-3 weeks. Cariprazine is a potent D3 preference D3/D2 receptor partial agonist of dopamine for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and depression, with a high affinity for d3 and d2 receptors and a moderate affinity for 5-HT 1A receptors.

Antileishmanial agent-16 (compound 14c), an anti-Leishmania agent, exhibits potent activity against Leishmania major promastigotes (IC50 = 0.59 µM) and amastigotes (IC50 = 0.81 µM), while maintaining a favorable safety profile in mammalian cells (VERO cells) [1].

Antileishmanial agent-24 (compound 33) exhibits antileishmanial activity, demonstrating an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value of 5.39 μM against amastigotes [1].

Antileishmanial agent-1 demonstrates activity against both L. amazonensis promastigotes (IC 50 = 15.52 μM) and intracellular amastigotes (IC 50 = 4.10 μM).

Antileishmanial agent-9 (compound 16c) exhibits potent and selective activity against Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) with an IC50 value of 4.01 μM. In addition, this compound demonstrates relatively low cytotoxicity in L-6 cells, with an IC50 value of 40.1 μM [1].

Antileishmanial agent-10 (Compound 7h) is an antiprotozoal agent.

Antileishmanial agent-20 exhibits selectivity against the Leishmania parasite, with IC50 values of 2.8 μM for L. infantum and 0.2 μM for L. braziliensis. It is a potential research tool for studying these parasites [1].

Antileishmanial agent-4, a ribonucleoside analogue, functions as an antileishmanial agent [1].

Antileishmanial agent-22 (compound 15b) serves as an antiparasitic and antibacterial, exhibiting activities against Leishmania (IC50 = 0.408 μM), malaria, and tuberculosis. It operates on an antifolate mechanism, suppressing both folic and folinic acids with 88% and 94% efficacy at 100 μM, respectively. This compound also demonstrates a 96.67% inhibitory effect on P. berghei in vivo/in vitro at 48.4 μM/kg/day and 0.038 μM (IC50), and it inhibits M. tuberculosis with an MIC of 28.44 μM [1].

Antileishmanial agent-21 (compound 4e) functions as an inhibitor of Leishmania pteridine reductase 1 (Lm-PTR1), employing an anti-folate mechanism. Its antileishmanial effects can be negated by folic acid and leucovorin. Additionally, it demonstrates inhibitory activity against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain RKL9, with an IC50 ranging from 0.0198 to 0.096 μM [1].

Leishmania peptide 183 is an antigen.

Antileishmanial agent-8 (compound 18) shows potent and selective activity against Leishmania donovani ( L. donovani ) (IC50 = 5.64 μM) with relatively low cytotoxicity in L-6 cells (IC 50 =73.9 μM) [1].

Antileishmanial agent-23 (compound G1/9), a potent and selective trypanothione reductase (TR) inhibitor, exhibits an IC50 of 2.24 ± 0.52 μM. It effectively inhibits the growth of Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei [1].

Antileishmanial agent-6 is a potent anti-leishmanial agent with anti-leishmanial activity (IC50: 0.54 μM) and cytotoxicity (IC50: 10.2 μM) against Leishmania donovani and L-6.

Antileishmanial agent-11 is a potent antileishmanial agent that acts on Leishmania brazilensis (IC50: 28.3 μM), Leishmania infantum (IC50: 24.8 μM) and T. cruzi (IC50: 13.0 μM) with outstanding antiprotozoal effect.

Antileishmanial agent-7 (compound 23) exhibits strong antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani and L-6, with IC50 values of 6.89 and 259 μM, respectively [1].

Antileishmanial agent-3 (Compound 13) effectively inhibits the growth of Leishmania major [1].

Antileishmanial agent-14, a sulfuretin analog, exhibits potential activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes (IC 50 = 4.1 μM) and inhibits infection by L. donovani amastigotes (IC 50 = 11.1 μM) [1].

Antileishmanial agent-15 (compound 13c) exhibits potent activity against L. major promastigotes and amastigotes, demonstrating IC50 values of 0.78 μM for promastigotes and 0.99 μM for amastigotes, while also showing cytotoxicity at these concentrations [1].

Antileishmanial agent-17, a coumarin hybrid, exhibits potent antileishmanial activity (IC50 <0.78 μM) while proving non-toxic to normal VERO cells. It specifically interacts with the folate pathway enzymes pteridine reductase and DHFR-TS. Efficacy against the promastigote form is highlighted by an IC50 value of 0.40 μM, and against the amastigote form, an IC50 of 0.68 μM, respectively.

Compound F27 (Antileishmanial agent-19) is an antileishmanial compound effective against L. donovani promastigotes, demonstrating an IC50 of 3.39 μM. It functions by inhibiting the Leishmania prolyl-tRNA synthetase and disrupting the host PI3K/Akt/CREB axis-mediated IL-10 secretion. Additionally, Compound F27 promotes autophagy-mediated apoptosis in L. donovani promastigotes and has been shown to reduce parasite burden in L.d-infected animals [1].

Antileishmanial agent-12 (compound 5a) is a potent anti-leishmanial agent with antibacterial activity against Leishmania brazilensis (IC50: 14.9 μM), Leishmania infantum (IC50: 21.3 μM) and T. cruzi (IC50. 9.3 μM). 9.3 μM) had antiprotozoal effects.

Antileishmanial agent-13, a quinoline-isatin hybrid, functions as an antileishmanial agent targeting the L. Major Leishmania strain through an anti-folate mechanism. This compound exhibits potent inhibition of both the promastigote and amastigote forms, boasting IC50 values of 0.604 μM and 0.508 μM, respectively.

Antileishmanial agent-4 is a ribonucleoside analogue with potent activity against L.infantum and T.cruzi, having EC 50 values of 0.68 μM and 0.83 μM, respectively [1].

Evenamide (NW-3509) is a sodium channel blocker. Which shows efficacy in a broad spectrum of rodent models of psychosis, mania, depression, and aggressiveness.

Phenelzine is an antidepressant and mania drug, which is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Its antidepressant effect is similar to that of niacinamide. It can reduce the degradation of catecholamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) in the brain and increase the content of catecholamines. , and play an antidepressant effect. It has a good effect on endogenous depression but has a poor effect on exogenous and reactive depression.

Quetiapine-d8 Hemifumarate is a deuterated compound of Quetiapine Hemifumarate. Quetiapine Hemifumarate has a CAS number of 111974-72-2. Quetiapine Fumarate, an atypical antipsychotic, is used in the treatment of bipolar I mania, schizophrenia, bipolar II depression, bipolar I depression.

Quetiapine-d8 Fumarate is a deuterated compound of Quetiapine Fumarate. Quetiapine Fumarate has a CAS number of 111974-72-2. Quetiapine Fumarate, an atypical antipsychotic, is used in the treatment of bipolar I mania, schizophrenia, bipolar II depression, bipolar I depression.

Quetiapine hemifumarate (ICI-204636), an atypical antipsychotic, is used in the treatment of bipolar I mania, schizophrenia, bipolar II depression, bipolar I depression.

Zotepine, an antipsychotic agent, is a potent antagonist of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, Histamine H1, α1-adrenergic, and Dopamine D2 receptors, with Kds of 2.6 nM, 3.2 nM, 3.3 nM, 7.3 nM, and 8 nM, respectively. Zotepine is a second-generation antipsychotic with a primary use as a treatment for schizophrenia, although clinical trials have been conducted into its efficacy as an antimanic agent in patients with acute bipolar mania.

Thiothixene hydrochloride is an antipsychotic agent that can be used in the study of schizophrenia and bipolar mania.

Endoxifen, also known as N-desmethyl-4-hydroxytamoxifen, is a chemical that is under development for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. It is also being evaluated as an antipsychotic for treatment of mania and other psychotic disorders. Endoxifen is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) of the triphenylethylene group. It is an active metabolite of tamoxifen and has been found to be effective in patients that have failed previous hormonal therapies (tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and fulvestrant). The prodrug tamoxifen is metabolized by the CYP2D6 enzyme to produce afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen) and endoxifen.

Oxypertine is an indole-derivative antipsychotic with general properties similar to those of the chlorpromazine and phenothiazine. Oxypertine is used as a treatment for various psychoses including mania, schizophrenia, disturbed behaviour, and severe anx