prostanoid

Aganepag, a potent Prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist, exhibits remarkable selectivity with an EC50 of 0.19 nM, demonstrating no activity at the EP4 receptor. Its applications are primarily in the fields of wound healing, scar reduction, scar prevention, and the treatment and prevention of wrinkles.

L-902688 is an orally active EP4 receptor agonist (Ki: 0.38 nM; EC50: 0.6 nM). L-902688 displays >4,000-fold selective for EP4 over other EP and prostanoid receptors.

Latanoprost (Xalatan) is a prostaglandin F2alpha analogue and a prostanoid selective FP receptor agonist with an ocular hypertensive effect.

Prostaglandin E1 (Alprostadil) is the naturally occurring prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) which displays a variety of pharmacologic actions. Prostaglandin E1 is a potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow, inhibits platelet aggregation, and induces bronchodilation. Used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, this agent produces corporal smooth muscle relaxation by binding to PGE receptors, resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and the subsequent accumulation of 3'5'-cAMP.

GW627368 (GW 627368X)X is a novel, potent and selective antagonist of prostanoid EP4 receptor.

AM-211 sodium is a novel and potent antagonist of the prostaglandin D2 receptor type 2. AM-211 is active in animal models of allergic inflammation. AM211 has high affinity for human, mouse, rat, and guinea pig DP2 and it shows selectivity over other prostanoid receptors and enzymes. AM211 exhibits good oral bioavailability in rats and dogs and dose-dependently inhibits 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD(2)-induced leukocytosis in a guinea pig pharmacodynamic assay.

Ralinepag (APD811) is a potent, orally bioavailable agonist of non-prostanoid prostacyclin (IP) receptor, with EC50s of 8.5 nM, 530 nM and 850 nM for human and rat IP receptor and human DP1 receptor, respectively.

Latanoprost acid is a selective agonist of prostanoid receptors and inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and function through the inhibition of c-fos NFATc1 pathway. Latanoprost acid can be used in studies about lowering pressure inside the eyes.

The prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4) is one of four G protein-coupled receptors that mediate the actions of prostaglandin E2 . Binding of PGE2 to the EP4 receptor causes an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP, which plays important roles in bone formation and resorption, cancer, and atherosclerosis. KMN-80 is a substituted γ-lactam (pyrrolidinone) derivative of PGE1 that acts as a selective and potent agonist of EP4 with an IC50 value of 3 nM (IC50 = 1.4 μM for EP3 and > 10 μM for all other prostanoid receptors). In functional assays it has been shown to stimulate secreted alkaline phosphatase gene reporter activity in EP4-transfected HEK293 cells with an EC50 value of 0.19 nM, demonstrating >5,000 and 50,000-fold selectivity against EP2 and TP, respectively. KMN-80 can induce the differentiation of bone marrow stem cells from both young and aged rats into osteoblasts in vitro (EC50s = 20 and 153 nM, respectively) and exhibits favorable tolerability up to at least 10 μM, whereas the EP4 agonist L-902,688 is highly cytotoxic at similar concentrations in these cells. KMN-80 has been used to repair calvarial defects in an in vivo rat craniomaxillofacial reconstruction model (rate of reduction in defect size equivalent to BMP-2 treated rats) and to promote bone formation in a rat incisor tooth socket model.

ONO-AE3-208 is an EP4 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 1.3 nM, exhibiting less potent activity against EP3, FP, and TP receptors (Ki values of 30, 790, and 2,400 nM, respectively), while showing no effect on other prostanoid receptors. In wild type mice, treatment with ONO-AE3-208, in conjunction with 3% dextran sodium sulfate, results in severe colitis characterized by epithelial loss, crypt damage, and inflammation, thereby mimicking the effects of EP4 deletion. Further, this compound has been utilized to investigate the role of EP4 signaling in various biological contexts, including immune and autoimmune responses, inflammation, and cancer.

ONO-8539 is a prostanoid EP1 receptor antagonist.

ONO-DI-004 is a selective EP1 Prostanoid receptor agonist.

LY 150310, a histamine H1-receptor antagonist, can alter prostanoid concentrations in vitro and in vivo.

MF266-1, a selective E prostanoid receptor 4 antagonist, relieves joint inflammation and pain in rodent models of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid.

Selective prostacyclin IP receptor antagonist (pKi = 8.3). Exhibits no affinity at other prostanoid receptors (EP1-4, FP and TP) in a radioligand binding assay. Demonstrates analgesic activity in rats. Orally bioavailable. Clark et al (2004) Discovery and SAR development of 2-(phenylamino) imidazolines as prostacyclin receptor antagonists. Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett. 14 1053 PMID:15013022 |Jones et al (2006) Investigation of the prostacyclin (IP) receptor antagonist RO1138452 on isolated blood vessel and platelet preparations. Br.J.Pharmacol. 149 110 PMID:16880763 |Bley et al (2006) RO1138452 and RO3244794: characterization of structurally distinct, potent and selective IP (prostacyclin) receptor antagonists. Br.J.Pharmacol. 147 335 PMID:16331286

AL-3138 is a prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) analogue which antagonizes FP prostanoid receptor-mediated inositol phosphates generation.

L-644,698 is a selective agonist of human prostanoid DP receptor.

Vidupiprant (AMG 853) is an effective dual antagonist of CRTH2 and prostanoid D receptor with IC50s of 8 nM and 35 nM in human plasma. Vidupiprant can be used in studies about the treatment of asthma.

S-5751, a prostanoid DP (DP1) antagonist, is used potentially for the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Latanoprost lactone diol is an important intermediate compound in the synthesis of Latanoprost. Latanoprost, classified as a prostaglandin F2α analogue, functions as an agonist for the FP prostanoid receptor, resulting in a reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP).

1,2,3-Trilinoelaidoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol that contains linoelaidic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions. Dietary administration of 1,2,3-trilinoelaidoyl-rac-glycerol (0.6-6.3% w/w) lowers serum levels of thromboxane B2 , prostaglandin F2 (PGF2), and PGE in rats.1 |1. Bruckner, G., Goswami, S., and Kinsella, J.E. Dietary trilinoelaidate: Effects on organ fatty acid composition, prostanoid biosynthesis and platelet function in rats. J. Nutr. 114(1), 58-67 (1984).

MF498 is a novel and selective E prostanoid receptor 4 (EP4 receptor) antagonist, displayed a strong binding affinity for the EP4 receptor (Ki: 0.7 nM).

Timapiprant (OC000459) is a potent and selective D prostanoid receptor 2 (DP2) antagonist (IC50: 13 nM).

20-Ethyl Prostaglandin E2 (20-ethyl PGE2) is an analog of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) characterized by an extended ω-chain due to two additional methylene carbon atoms. Compared to unoprostone, a clinically approved glaucoma medication and the only extensively studied prostaglandin analog sharing this structural modification, 20-ethyl PGE2 maintains the natural 15(S) allylic hydroxyl in its lower side chain, potentially enhancing its effectiveness. Unoprostone, despite being an F-series prostaglandin, exhibits reduced affinity for FP receptors because of its lower side chain modifications (13,14-dihydro-15-keto), which diminishes its medicinal potency. Notably, 20-ethyl PGE2's efficacy relative to unoprostone and its interaction with EP or other prostanoid receptors remains unconfirmed due to the lack of published ligand binding assays. E-type prostaglandins, including 20-ethyl PGE2, are broadly acknowledged for their inflammatory, cytoprotective, and diverse biological activities.

EP4 Receptor Antagonist 1 is a highly potent and selective competitive prostanoid EP4 receptor antagonist, effective for cancer immunotherapy. It inhibits both human and mouse EP4 receptors with IC50 values of 6.1 nM and 16.2 nM, respectively, while displaying minimal activity (IC50s >10 μM) against human EP1, EP2, and EP3 receptors.

QCC-374 is a prostanoid agonist. It potentially for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Unoprostone isopropyl, a prostanoid and synthetic docosanoid, is approved for the treatment of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma.

SC 51322 is an EP1 prostanoid receptor antagonist.

Prostaglandin D2 ethanolamide (PGD2-EA) is a bioactive lipid produced by the sequential metabolism of anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide) by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, in particular by COX-2, and PGD synthase. The biosynthesis of PGD2-EA from anandamide can also be increased when anandamide metabolism is diminished by deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase. PGD2-EA is inactive against recombinant prostanoid receptors, including the D prostanoid receptor. It increases the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in primary cultured hippocampal neurons, an effect which is the opposite of that induced by anandamide.. PGD2-EA also induces apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cell lines.

There are currently four prostaglandin (PG) derivatives which have been approved for human clinical use for the treatment of glaucoma. The names of the PGs and the concentrations of the approved doses are: travoprost (40 μg/ml), latanoprost (50 μg/ml), bimatoprost (300 μg/ml), and unoprostone (1,500 μg/ml). All of these compounds are modified at C-1 in order to act as lipophilic prodrugs in the eye. All have also been postulated to function via activation of the prostanoid FP receptor. Unoprostone and bimatoprost stand out in this class due to their lack of potency. Both are also claimed to have alternate mechanisms of actions: as a docosanoid in the case of unoprostone and as a prostamide in the case of bimatoprost. Lumula is a hybrid eicosanoid analog which incorporates the docosanoid features of unoprostone as well as the prostamide features of bimatoprost. Based on classical structure-activity relationships which have been established for prostanoid receptors

AH13205 is an agonist of EP2 prostanoid receptor.

AH 19437 is a prostanoid receptor.

Timapiprant sodium inhibits mast cell activation of Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils. Timapiprant sodium is a potent and selective D prostanoid receptor 2 antagonist. Timapiprant sodium potently displaces [3H] PGD2 from human recombinant DP2 (Ki=13 nM), ra

Treprostinil Palmitil (TP), a prodrug of the DP1 and EP2 agonist Treprostinil (UT-15), exhibits EC50 values of 0.6 and 6.2 nM, respectively. It is a pure prodrug without any inherent binding affinity for G-protein coupled receptors, including prostanoid receptors.

Alprostadil sodium is a prostaglandin receptor ligand with Ki values of 36, 10, 1.1, 2.1, and 33 nM for EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, and IP, respectively, in mice.It induces vasodilatation and inhibits platelet aggregation, and it can be used as a vasodilator for the study of peripheral vascular disease.

8-iso Prostaglandin E1 causes spasm in the pulmonary veins of dogs and also acts as a vasodilator.