protein-rna interaction

Highly processive DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that catalyzes the transcription of class II and class III viral genes. Recognizes a specific promoter sequence and enters first into an 'abortive phase' where very short transcripts are synthesized and released before proceeding to the processive transcription of long RNA chains. Unwinds the double-stranded DNA to expose the coding strand for templating. Participates in the initiation of viral DNA replication presumably by making primers accessible to the DNA polymerase, thus facilitating the DNA opening. Plays also a role in viral DNA packaging, probably by pausing the transcription at the right end of concatemer junction to allow packaging complex recruitment and beginning of the packaging process.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase/RDRP Protein (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 108.3 kDa and the accession number is YP_009725307.1.

Encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA, protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and serves as template for transcription and replication. The RNP needs to be localized in the host nucleus to start an infectious cycle, but is too large to diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. NP comprises at least 2 nuclear localization signals that are responsible for the active RNP import into the nucleus through cellular importin alpha/beta pathway. Later in the infection, nclear export of RNPs are mediated through viral proteins NEP interacting with M1 which binds nucleoproteins. It is possible that nucleoprotein binds directly host exportin-1/XPO1 and plays an active role in RNPs nuclear export. M1 interaction with RNP seems to hide nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals. Soon after a virion infects a new cell, M1 dissociates from the RNP under acidification of the virion driven by M2 protein. Dissociation of M1 from RNP unmasks nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals, targeting the RNP to the nucleus.

Encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA, protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and serves as template for transcription and replication. The RNP needs to be localized in the host nucleus to start an infectious cycle, but is too large to diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. NP comprises at least 2 nuclear localization signals that are responsible for the active RNP import into the nucleus through cellular importin alpha/beta pathway. Later in the infection, nclear export of RNPs are mediated through viral proteins NEP interacting with M1 which binds nucleoproteins. It is possible that nucleoprotein binds directly host exportin-1/XPO1 and plays an active role in RNPs nuclear export. M1 interaction with RNP seems to hide nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals. Soon after a virion infects a new cell, M1 dissociates from the RNP under acidification of the virion driven by M2 protein. Dissociation of M1 from RNP unmasks nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals, targeting the RNP to the nucleus.

Plays an essential role in viral RNA synthesis and also a role in suppressing innate immune signaling. Acts as a polymerase cofactor in the RNA polymerase transcription and replication complexes. Serves as nucleoprotein/NP monomer chaperone prior to the formation of the large oligomeric RNA-bound complexes. Regulates RNA synthesis by modulating NP-RNA interactions and interacting with DYNLL1. VP35-NP interaction controls the switch between RNA-bound NP and free NP and thus the switch between genome replication and genome packaging into the nucleocapsid. Prevents establishment of cellular antiviral state, thereby suppressing host DC maturation. Acts by inhibiting host DDX58/RIG-I activation both by shielding dsRNA from detection and by preventing PRKRA binding to DDX58. Blocks virus-induced phosphorylation and activation of interferon regulatory factor 3/IRF3, a transcription factor critical for the induction of interferons alpha and beta. This blockage is produced through the interaction with and inhibition of host IKBKE and TBK1, producing a strong inhibition of the phosphorylation and activation of IRF3. Also inhibits the antiviral effect mediated by the host interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase EIF2AK2/PKR. Increases PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation of IRF7, thereby repressing interferon transcription. Also acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing by interacting with host DICER1, TARBP2/TRBP and PRKRA/PACT. As a dimer, binds and sequesters dsRNA contributing to the inhibition of interferon production.

RAC1 is a GTPase that belongs to the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for RAC1 gene. RAC1 is a plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. In its active state, binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses such as secretory processes, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, epithelial cell polarization and growth-factor induced formation of membrane ruffles. RAC1 p21/rho GDI heterodimer is the active component of the cytosolic factor sigma 1, which is involved in stimulation of the NADPH oxidase activity in macrophage. RAC1 is essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly. RAC1's isoform B has an accelerated GEF-independent GDP/GTP exchange and an impaired GTP hydrolysis, which is restored partially by GTPase-activating proteins. It is able to bind to the GTPase-binding domain of PAK but not full-length PAK in a GTP-dependent manner, suggesting that the insertion does not completely abolish effector interaction. Stat3 is an important transcription factor that regulates both proinflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways in the heart. It forms a multiprotein complex with RAC1 and PKC in an H/R-dependent manner by expression of constitutively active Rac1 mutant protein, and by RNA silencing of RAC1. Selective inhibition of PKC with calphostin C produces a marked suppression of Stat3 S727 phosphorylation. The association of Stat3 with Rax1 occurs predominantly at the cell membrane, but also inside the nucleus, and occurs through the binding of the coiled-coil domain of Stat3 to the 54 NH(2)-terminal residues of RAC1. Transfection with a peptide comprising the NH(2)-terminal 17 amino acid residues of RAC1-dependent signaling pathways resulting in a physical association between Rac1 and Stat3 and the formation of a novel multiprotein complex with PKC.

Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) was previously identified as a protein associated with Wilms' tumor-1 (WT-1) protein that is essential for the development of the genitourinary system. WT1 was originally identified as a tumor suppressor for Wilms' tumor, but it is also overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells. The WTAP-WT1 axis in vascular cells suggest that WTAP is a vital and multifaceted regulator of vascular remodeling. WTAP has been suggested to function in alternative splicing, stabilization of mRNA, and cell growth. Knocking down endogenous WTAP increased Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) proliferation, because of increased DNA synthesis and G(1)/S phase transition, together with reduced apoptosis. These effects could be the result of WTAP suppressing the transcriptional activity of WT1 in SMCs. WTAP may thus also play a role in messenger RNA processing in mammalian cells, either dependent on or independent of its interaction with WT1.

Capsid protein self-assembles to form an icosahedral capsid with a T=3 symmetry, about 26 nm in diameter, and consisting of 89 capsid proteins dimers (178 capsid proteins). Involved in viral genome encapsidation through the interaction between a capsid protein dimer and the multiple packaging signals present in the RNA genome. The capsid contains also 1 copy of the A2 maturation protein.; Acts as a translational repressor of viral replicase synthesis late in infection. This latter function is the result of capsid protein interaction with an RNA hairpin which contains the replicase ribosome-binding site.

Forms a proton-selective ion channel that is necessary for the efficient release of the viral genome during virus entry. After attaching to the cell surface, the virion enters the cell by endocytosis. Acidification of the endosome triggers M2 ion channel activity. The influx of protons into virion interior is believed to disrupt interactions between the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP), matrix protein 1 (M1), and lipid bilayers, thereby freeing the viral genome from interaction with viral proteins and enabling RNA segments to migrate to the host cell nucleus, where influenza virus RNA transcription and replication occur. Also plays a role in viral proteins secretory pathway. Elevates the intravesicular pH of normally acidic compartments, such as trans-Golgi network, preventing newly formed hemagglutinin from premature switching to the fusion-active conformation.

Encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA, protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and serves as template for transcription and replication. The RNP needs to be localized in the host nucleus to start an infectious cycle, but is too large to diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. NP comprises at least 2 nuclear localization signals that are responsible for the active RNP import into the nucleus through cellular importin alpha/beta pathway. Later in the infection, nclear export of RNPs are mediated through viral proteins NEP interacting with M1 which binds nucleoproteins. It is possible that nucleoprotein binds directly host exportin-1/XPO1 and plays an active role in RNPs nuclear export. M1 interaction with RNP seems to hide nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals. Soon after a virion infects a new cell, M1 dissociates from the RNP under acidification of the virion driven by M2 protein. Dissociation of M1 from RNP unmasks nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals, targeting the RNP to the nucleus.

Multifunctional protein that acts as a viral transcriptional activator. Promotes read-through of an RNA hairpin in the NP open reading frame to enhance viral transcription. Mechanistically, nonphosphorylated VP30 hexamers form a ternary complex with the viral leader RNA. Clamps the RNA template and the complex VP35-polymerase L together, thereby increasing the polymerase affinity for the RNA template to increase transcription initiation despite the presence of RNA secondary structures. Assists also stop-start transcription at gene junctions to promote transcription of downstream genes. Interaction with NP plays a critical role in transcription initiation by recognizing the RNA stem loop. Interaction with host RBBP6 interferes with NP-VP30 interaction and inhibits viral RNA synthesis. Also acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing by interacting with host DICER1 and TARBP2/TRBP.

Forms a proton-selective ion channel that is necessary for the efficient release of the viral genome during virus entry. After attaching to the cell surface, the virion enters the cell by endocytosis. Acidification of the endosome triggers M2 ion channel activity. The influx of protons into virion interior is believed to disrupt interactions between the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP), matrix protein 1 (M1), and lipid bilayers, thereby freeing the viral genome from interaction with viral proteins and enabling RNA segments to migrate to the host cell nucleus, where influenza virus RNA transcription and replication occur. Also plays a role in viral proteins secretory pathway. Elevates the intravesicular pH of normally acidic compartments, such as trans-Golgi network, preventing newly formed hemagglutinin from premature switching to the fusion-active conformation.

Encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA, protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and serves as template for transcription and replication. The RNP needs to be localized in the host nucleus to start an infectious cycle, but is too large to diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. NP comprises at least 2 nuclear localization signals that are responsible for the active RNP import into the nucleus through cellular importin alpha/beta pathway. Later in the infection, nclear export of RNPs are mediated through viral proteins NEP interacting with M1 which binds nucleoproteins. It is possible that nucleoprotein binds directly host exportin-1/XPO1 and plays an active role in RNPs nuclear export. M1 interaction with RNP seems to hide nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals. Soon after a virion infects a new cell, M1 dissociates from the RNP under acidification of the virion driven by M2 protein. Dissociation of M1 from RNP unmasks nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals, targeting the RNP to the nucleus.

Encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA, protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and serves as template for transcription and replication. The RNP needs to be localized in the host nucleus to start an infectious cycle, but is too large to diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. NP comprises at least 2 nuclear localization signals that are responsible for the active RNP import into the nucleus through cellular importin alpha/beta pathway. Later in the infection, nclear export of RNPs are mediated through viral proteins NEP interacting with M1 which binds nucleoproteins. It is possible that nucleoprotein binds directly host exportin-1/XPO1 and plays an active role in RNPs nuclear export. M1 interaction with RNP seems to hide nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals. Soon after a virion infects a new cell, M1 dissociates from the RNP under acidification of the virion driven by M2 protein. Dissociation of M1 from RNP unmasks nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals, targeting the RNP to the nucleus.

Plays a crucial role in virion assembly and budding. Expressed late in the virus life cycle, it acts as an inhibitor of viral transcription and RNA synthesis by interacting with the viral polymerase L. Presumably recruits the NP encapsidated genome to cellular membranes at budding sites via direct interaction with NP. Plays critical roles in the final steps of viral release by interacting with host TSG101, a member of the vacuolar protein-sorting pathway and using other cellular host proteins involved in vesicle formation pathway. The budding of the virus progeny occurs after association of protein Z with the viral glycoprotein complex SSP-GP1-GP2 at the cell periphery, step that requires myristoylation of protein Z. Also selectively represses protein production by associating with host eIF4E.

Plays an essential role in viral RNA synthesis and also a role in suppressing innate immune signaling. Acts as a polymerase cofactor in the RNA polymerase transcription and replication complexes. Serves as nucleoprotein/NP monomer chaperone prior to the formation of the large oligomeric RNA-bound complexes. Regulates RNA synthesis by modulating NP-RNA interactions and interacting with DYNLL1. VP35-NP interaction controls the switch between RNA-bound NP and free NP and thus the switch between genome replication and genome packaging into the nucleocapsid. Prevents establishment of cellular antiviral state, thereby suppressing host DC maturation. Acts by inhibiting host DDX58/RIG-I activation both by shielding dsRNA from detection and by preventing PRKRA binding to DDX58. Blocks virus-induced phosphorylation and activation of interferon regulatory factor 3/IRF3, a transcription factor critical for the induction of interferons alpha and beta. This blockage is produced through the interaction with and inhibition of host IKBKE and TBK1, producing a strong inhibition of the phosphorylation and activation of IRF3. Also inhibits the antiviral effect mediated by the host interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase EIF2AK2/PKR. Increases PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation of IRF7, thereby repressing interferon transcription. Also acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing by interacting with host DICER1, TARBP2/TRBP and PRKRA/PACT. As a dimer, binds and sequesters dsRNA contributing to the inhibition of interferon production.

Encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA, protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and serves as template for transcription and replication. The RNP needs to be localized in the host nucleus to start an infectious cycle, but is too large to diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. NP comprises at least 2 nuclear localization signals that are responsible for the active RNP import into the nucleus through cellular importin alpha/beta pathway. Later in the infection, nclear export of RNPs are mediated through viral proteins NEP interacting with M1 which binds nucleoproteins. It is possible that nucleoprotein binds directly host exportin-1/XPO1 and plays an active role in RNPs nuclear export. M1 interaction with RNP seems to hide nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals. Soon after a virion infects a new cell, M1 dissociates from the RNP under acidification of the virion driven by M2 protein. Dissociation of M1 from RNP unmasks nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals, targeting the RNP to the nucleus.