adp-ribosylation

It had been found that a homozygous truncating mutation in ARL6IP6 as the likely cause of a syndromic form of CMTC associated with major dysmorphism, developmental delay, transient ischemic attacks and cerebral vascular malformations. This gene was previously implicated by genome wide association study (GWAS) as a susceptibility locus to ischemic stroke in young adults. We identify ARL6IP6 as a novel candidate gene for a syndromic form of CMTC. This suggests that ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIA) may represent, at least in some cases, the mild end of a phenotypic spectrum that has at its severe end autosomal recessive CMTC. This finding contributes to a growing appreciation of the continuum of Mendelian and common complex diseases.

ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-like proteins (ARLs) comprise a functionally distinct group of the ARF family of RAS-related GTPases. ARL2BP binds to ARL2.GTP with high affinity but does not interact with ARL2.GDP, activated ARF, or RHO proteins. The lack of detectable membrane association of ARL2BP or ARL2 upon activation of ARL2 is suggestive of actions distinct from those of the ARFs. ARL2BP is considered to be the first ARL2-specific effector identified, due to its interaction with ARL2.GTP but lack of ARL2 GTPase-activating protein activity. ARL2BP, together with ARL2, plays a role in the nuclear translocation, retention and transcriptional activity of STAT3. ARL2BP may play a role as an effector of ARL2.

ARF3, also known as ADP-ribosylation factor 3, belongs to the RAS superfamily. Members of this family include ARF1, ARF2, ARF3, ARF4, ARF5 and ARF6. ARF3 gene is a member of the human ARF gene family. These genes encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and play a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D. ARF3 functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase. It is involved in protein trafficking and may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.

ARF1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 22.5 kDa and the accession number is P84077.

ARF5, also known as ADP-ribosylation factor 5, belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Arf family. Members of this family stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and play a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D. ARF5 functions as an allosteric activator of the cholera toxin catalytic subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase. ARF5 Is involved in protein trafficking. ARF5 may also modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus.

ARF1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli expression system with GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47.00 kDa and the accession number is P84077.

ARF1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in E. coli expression system with His and Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.33 kDa and the accession number is P84077.

S1 is an NAD-dependent ADP-ribosyltransferase, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of B.pertussis causing disruption of normal host cellular regulation. It catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of a cysteine in the alpha subunit of host heterotrimeric G proteins. In the absence of G proteins it also catalyzes the cleavage of NAD(+) into ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. It irreversibly uncouples the G-alpha GTP-binding proteins from their membrane receptors. PTX S1 Protein, Bordetella pertussis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.2 kDa and the accession number is P04977.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 3 (PARP3) is an important member of the PARP family and shares high structural similarities with both PARP1 and PARP2. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 3 (PARP3), a critical player in cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), plays an essential role in the maintenance of genome integrity. The ADP ribosyl transferase [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] ARTD3(PARP3) is a newly characterized member of the ARTD(PARP) family that catalyzes the reaction of ADP ribosylation, a key posttranslational modification of proteins involved in different signaling pathways from DNA damage to energy metabolism and organismal memory.

NMNAT, also known as NMNAT1, is a member of the Nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferases. It is widely expressed with high levels in skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and kidney. NMNAT appears to have the ability to protect against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults. The coenzyme NAD and its derivatives are involved in hundreds of metabolic redox reactions and are utilized in protein ADP-ribosylation, histone deacetylation, and in some Ca(2+) signaling pathways. NMNAT enzyme is vital for NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD.

Cholera toxin (CT) produced by Vibrio cholerae causes the devastating diarrhea of cholera by catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of the alpha subunit of the intestinal Gs protein (Gsalpha), leading to characteristic water and electrolyte losses. Mammalian cells contain ADP-ribosyltransferases similar to CT and an ADP-ribosyl(arginine)protein hydrolase (ADPRH), which cleaves the ADP-ribose-(arginine)protein bond, regenerating native protein and completing an ADP-ribosylation cycle. CT-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of cell proteins can be counteracted by ADPRH, which could function as a modifier gene in disease. Further, our study demonstrates that enzymatic cross talk exists between bacterial toxin ADP-ribosyltransferases and host ADP-ribosylation cycles. In disease, toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation overwhelms this potential host defense system, resulting in persistence of ADP-ribosylation and intoxication of the cell. Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a reversible modification of proteins with NAD:arginine ADP-ribosyltransferases and ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases (ADPRH) catalyzing the opposing arms of an ADP-ribosylation cycle. The ADPRH cDNA had been cloned from human, rat, and mouse tissues and high levels of mRNA were found in brain, spleen, and testis. Human ADP-ribosylhydrolase 1 (hARH1, ADPRH) cleaves the glycosidic bond of ADP-ribose attached to an Arg residue of a protein.

Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates mono-ADP-ribosylation of target proteins. Plays a role in nuclear envelope stability and nuclear remodeling during spermiogenesis. PARP11 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 41.0 kDa and the accession number is Q9NR21.