Anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) is a functional protein with critical roles in a diverse range of biological systems, including vertebrate tissue development, inflammatory tissue injury responses, and cancer progression.

Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Yeast.

Anterior Gradient Protein 2(AG-2) and Anterior Gradient Protein 3 (AG-3) are human homologues of genes involved in differentiation, are associated with oestrogen receptor-positive breast tumours and interact with metastasis gene C4.4a and dystroglycan (hAG-3 protein). AG-3 could serve as a prognostic marker for survival in patients with low grade and high grade serous ovarian carcinomas.

Anterior gradient protein 3 (AGR3) is an 18 kDa member of the AGR family of proteins. It is expressed in the ciliated cells of the airway epithelium, not detected in the mucous cells. Mature human AGR3 shares 92% amino acid sequence identity with mouse AGR3. It is required for calcium-mediated regulation of ciliary beat frequency and mucociliary clearance in the airway. AGR3 might be involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium in tracheal epithelial cells.

Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli.

Anterior Gradient 2 (AGR2) is an 18-21 kDa member of the PDI family of enzymes. AGR2 is widely expressed in secretory cells, such as small intestine goblet, prostate epithelium, enteroendocrine cells, and multiple carcinoma cell types. AGR2 forms transient disulfide linkages with molecules destined for secretion, possibly aiding protein folding. Expression of AGR2 shows a positive correlation with expression of estrogen receptor in breast carcinoma and a negative correlation with expression of EGF receptor. Mature human AGR2 is 155 amino acids (aa) in length (aa 21 - 175). Cys81 is presumed to participate in intermolecular bond formation. Over aa 21 - 175, human AGR2 shares 94% aa identity with mouse AGR2.

Anterior gradient protein (AGR) 3 is a highly related homologue of pro-oncogenic AGR2 and belongs to the family of protein disulfide isomerases. AGR3 was found in breast, ovary, prostate, and liver cancer, it is associated with the level of differentiation, slowly proliferating tumors, and more favorable prognosis of breast cancer patients. AGR3 is a specialized member of the PDI family that plays an unexpected role in the regulation of CBF and mucociliary clearance in the airway. AGR3 had been characterised as a novel potential biomarker both for breast cancer prognosis and early breast cancer detection from blood.

Cerberus 1 is a secreted glycoprotein that forms disulfide-linked homodimers. It is a cytokine member of the DAN domain family of BMP antagonists that includes DAN (DAND1), Gremlin/Drm (DAND2), PRDC (Protein Related to Dan and Cerberus, DAND3), and COCO/Dante (DAND5). DAN family members contain a cysteine knot domain that is homologous to that found in other TGF-beta superfamily ligands. At the onset of gastrulation, Cerberus 1 is transiently expressed in anterior endodermal structures in response to Nodal and Shh. Cerberus 1 binds BMP-4 and Nodal and inhibits their activities. The inhibitory functions of Cerberus favor mesodermal development in the anterior region of the gastrula and suppresses posterior mesodermal differentiation. In chick and Xenopus, Cerberus 1 also regulates, but is not required for embryonic left-right polarization, neurulation, and head and heart induction.

Fertility is dependent on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a product of gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and intra-pituitary activins are regarded as the primary drivers of FSH synthesis and secretion. Both stimulate expression of the FSH beta subunit gene (Fshb), although the underlying mechanisms of GnRH action are poorly described relative to those of the activins. FSHB Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 39.2 kDa and the accession number is Q60687.

Myocilin, also known as Trabecular meshwork-induced glucocorticoid response protein, MYOC, and GLC1A, is a protein that contains one olfactomedin-like domain. Myocilin / MYOC may participate in the obstruction of fluid outflow in the trabecular meshwork. Myocilin / MYOC is expressed in large amounts in various types of muscle, ciliary body, papillary sphincter, skeletal muscle, heart, and other tissues. Myocilin / MYOC is expressed predominantly in the retina. In normal eyes, it is found in the inner uveal meshwork region and the anterior portion of the meshwork. In contrast, in many glaucomatous eyes, it is found in more regions of the meshwork and appeared more intensively than in normal eyes, regardless of the type of clinical severity of glaucoma. Defects in Myocilin / MYOC may contribute to primary congenital glaucoma type 3A (GLC3A). Defects in MYOC may also contribute to this phenotype via digenic inheritance. GLC3A is an autosomal recessive form of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). PCG is characterized by a marked increase of intraocular pressure at birth or early childhood, large ocular globes (buphthalmos), and corneal edema.

RNASET2 (ribonuclease T2) is an enzyme that belongs to the RNase T2 family. It is highly expressed in the temporal lobe and fetal brain. RNASET2 gene is a novel member of the Rh/T2/S-glycoprotein class of extracellular ribonucleases. It is a single copy gene that maps to 6q27, a region associated with human malignancies and chromosomal rearrangement. Defects in RNASET2 are the cause of leukoencephalopathy cystic without megalencephaly. An infantile-onset syndrome of cerebral leukoencephalopathy. Affected newborns develop microcephaly and neurologic abnormalities including psychomotor impairment, seizures and sensorineural hearing impairment. The brain shows multifocal white matter lesions, anterior temporal lobe subcortical cysts, pericystic abnormal myelination, ventriculomegaly and intracranial calcifications.

Secreted signal that acts globally to regulate anterior/posterior axial patterning during development. May play critical roles in patterning both mesodermal and neural tissues. It is required for proper vertebral patterning and orofacial development. Signals through activin receptors type-2, ACVR2A and ACVR2B, and activin receptors type-1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C and TGFBR1 leading to the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3. GDF11 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.5 kDa and the accession number is O95390.

Secretagogin, also known as SCGN, is a secreted protein that is detectable in human serum after ischemic neuronal damage. It is a recently described calcium-binding protein. Secretagogin / SCGN is expressed at high levels in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and to a much lesser extent in the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small intestine and colon), the adrenal medulla and cortex and the thyroid C-cells. In the brain, the expression of Secretagogin / SCGN is restricted to distinct subtypes of neurons with highest expression in the molecular layer of the cerebellum (stellate and basket cells), in the anterior part of the pituitary gland, in the thalamus, in the hypothalamus and in a subgroup of neocortical neurons. Secretagogin / SCGN is widely expressed in prostatic adenocarcinoma as opposed to adenocarcinomas in other organs. The function of Secretagogin / SCGN is unknown, but it has been suggested in beta-cells to influence calcium-influx and has been observed downregulated in diabetes-prone BB rat islets exposed to cytokines. Secretagogin / SCGN is involved in the calcium metabolism of tumour cells and endothelial cells in a subset of neoplasms of the brain and its coverings. Secretagogin / SCGN is also a novel marker for neuroendocrine differentiation.

Fertility is dependent on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a product of gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and intra-pituitary activins are regarded as the primary drivers of FSH synthesis and secretion. Both stimulate expression of the FSH beta subunit gene (Fshb), although the underlying mechanisms of GnRH action are poorly described relative to those of the activins. FSHB Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.58 kDa and the accession number is G7PQH7.

Growth hormone receptor is a transmembrane receptor for growth hormone (GH). GH is a single-chain polypeptide that is mainly synthesized and released from the anterior pituitary gland and plays essential roles in growth, development and metabolism. GH exerts its physiological actions via GH binding to its receptor in its extracellular domain. Binding of growth hormone to the receptor leads to receptor dimerization and the activation of an intra- and intercellular signal transduction pathway leading to growth. Growth hormone receptor has been shown to interact with SGTA, PTPN11, Janus kinase 2, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and CISH.

Homeobox protein Hox-A1 is a transcription factor encoded by the HOXA1 gene. This gene is one of the four types of homeobox genes each of which contains a homeobox DNA sequence that codes for the homeodomain, a region of 60 amino acids responsible for the DNA binding exhibited by these homeobox proteins. These Homeobox genes are essential metazoan genes as they determine the identity of embryonic regions along the anterior-posterior axis. The homeobox protein Hox-A1 may be involved in the placement of hindbrain segments in the proper location along the anterior-posterior axis during development. Early in its development, the vertebrate hindbrain is transiently subdivided into a series of compartments called rhombomeres. Genes have been identified whose expression patterns distinguish these cellular compartments. Two of these genes, Hoxa1 and Hoxa2, are required for proper patterning of the early mouse hindbrain and the associated neural crest. It has been detected HOXA1 expression in a variety of human breast cancer lesions, suggesting that HOXA1 may be required for the establishment of breast cancer cell phenotype.

UBE1, also known as UBA1, belongs to the ubiquitin-activating E1 family. UBE1 gene complements an X-linked mouse temperature-sensitive defect in DNA synthesis, and thus may function in DNA repair. It is part of a gene cluster on chromosome Xp11.23. UBE1 catalyzes the first step in ubiquitin conjugation to mark cellular proteins for degradation. It also catalyzes the first step in ubiquitin conjugation to mark cellular proteins for degradation by first adenylating its C-terminal glycine residue with ATP, and thereafter linking this residue to the side chain of a cysteine residue in E1, yielding a ubiquitin-E1 thioester and free AMP. Defects in UBA1 can cause spinal muscular atrophy X-linked type 2 (SMAX2), also known as X-linked lethal infantile spinal muscular atrophy, distal X-linked arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or X-linked arthrogryposis type 1 (AMCX1). Spinal muscular atrophy refers to a group of neuromuscular disorders characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, leading to symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy. SMAX2 is a lethal infantile form presenting with hypotonia, areflexia, and multiple congenital contractures.

Growth/differentiation factor 11(GDF-11) is a secreted protein, which belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. GDF-11 controls anterior-posterior patterning by regulating the expression of Hox genes. The secreted signal acts globally to specify positional identity along the anterior/posterior axis during development. GDF11 has been shown to suppress neurogenesis through a pathway similar to that of myostatin, including stopping the progenitor cell-cycle during G-phase. The similarities between GDF11 and myostatin imply a likelihood that the same regulatory mechanisms are used to control tissue size during both muscular and neural development.

Seems to antagonize the function of BMP4 by binding to it and preventing its interaction with receptors. Alters the fate commitment of neural stem cells from gliogenesis to neurogenesis. Contributes to neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in the brain by preventing the adoption of a glial fate. May play a crucial role in dorsoventral axis formation. Antagonizes the function of BMP7 and may thus play an important role in the embryonic bone formation. Shows no inhibitory effect on the inducing activity of BMP2. Plays a role during anterior segment eye development.