blood vessel

Blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES), or POPDC1, is a tight junction-associated transmembrane protein that modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via junctional signaling pathways. BVES plays a protective role both in ulcerative and infectious colitis and identify BVES as a critical protector of colonic mucosal integrity. The Popeye domain containing1, also called Bves (Popdc1/Bves), is a transmembrane protein that functions in muscle regeneration, heart rate regulation, hypoxia tolerance, and ischemia preconditioning. The expression of Popdc1/Bves is elevated in cardiomyocytes maintained in serum free defined medium. Popdc1/Bves plays a role in the preservation of cardiomyocyte viability under serum deficiency through the alteration of Rac1 activity and the regulation of Bnip3 expression by FoxO3 and NFκB transcription factors pointing to Popdc1/Bves as a potential target to enhance heart protection. Blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES) is a tight junction-associated protein that regulates epithelial-mesenchymal states and is underexpressed in epithelial malignancy. Loss of BVES promotes inflammatory tumourigenesis through dysregulation of Wnt signalling and the oncogene c-Myc. BVES promoter methylation status may serve as a CAC biomarker. Blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES/Popdc1) is a junctional-associated transmembrane protein that is underexpressed in a number of malignancies and regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. BVES is a key regulator of intestinal stem cell programs and mucosal homeostasis.

Angiogenin belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family. Angiogenin is primarily expressed in the liver. It may act as a tRNA-specific ribonuclease that abolishes protein synthesis by specifically hydrolyzing cellular tRNAs. Angiogenin is a potent stimulator of new blood vessel formation. And Angiogenin is endocytosed and translocated to the nucleus by binding to actin on the surface of endothelial cells. Angiogenic activity is regulated by interaction with RNH1 in vivo. In addition, Angiogenin is associated with susceptibility to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which is a degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the cortex, brain stem and spinal cord.

4-1BB, is also known as CD137, is a type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein receptor belonging to the TNF superfamily.CD137 can be expressed by activated T cells, but to a larger extent on CD8 than on CD4 T cells. In addition, CD137 expression is found on dendritic cells, B cells, follicular dendritic cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes and cells of blood vessel walls at sites of inflammation. 4-1BB/CD137/TNFRSF9 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.7 kDa and the accession number is Q07011.

Vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B) is closely related to VEGF-A, an effector of blood vessel growth during development and disease and a strong candidate for angiogenic therapies. In detail, VEGFB can positively prevent the Ang II-induced rising in the size of cardiomyocyte as well as reduce Ang II-induced mRNA and protein levels of β-MHC (β-myosin heavy chain), BNP (brain natriuretic peptide), and ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). Moreover, VEGFB can regulate the decline of the Ang II-induced rising in Ca2+.

Binds and activates TIE2 receptor by inducing its tyrosine phosphorylation. Implicated in endothelial developmental processes later and distinct from that of VEGF. Appears to play a crucial role in mediating reciprocal interactions between the endothelium and surrounding matrix and mesenchyme. Mediates blood vessel maturation/stability. It may play an important role in the heart early development. Angiopoietin-1 Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 58.9 kDa and the accession number is Q60FC1.

Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 (ALK-1) is a type I cell-surface receptor for the TGF-β superfamily of ligands, which mediates signaling of BMP9 (bone morphogenetic protein) and BMP10. ALK1 signaling is necessary for angiogenesis during embryogenesis, wound healing, and tumor growth. ALK-1 has a high degree of similarity in serine-threonine kinase subdomains, a glycine and serine rich region preceding the kinase-domain, and a C-terminal tail with other activin receptor-like kinase proteins. ALK-1 is mainly expressed in endothelial cells regulating proliferation and migration in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Mutations in ALK-1 as well as in endoglin are associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), suggesting ALK-1 plays a critical role for in the control of blood vessel development or repair.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9(TNFRSF9) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. It can be induced by lymphocyte activation (ILA) and is expressed by activated T cells, but to a larger extent on CD8 than on CD4 T cells. In addition, TNFRSF9 expression is found on dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes and cells of blood vessel walls at sites of inflammation. As receptor for TNFSF9/4-1BBL, it can activate T cells and the cross-linking of this protein can enhance T cell proliferation, IL-2 secretion survival and cytolytic activity. Further, it can enhance immune activity to eliminate tumors in mice.

Collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain, also known as endothelial collagen, C3orf7 and COL8A1, can be cleaved into vastatin chain. COL8A1 is a short chain collagen and a major component of the basement membrane of the corneal endothelium. COL8A1 forms homotrimers, or heterotrimers in association with alpha 2(VIII) type collagens. Four homotrimers can form a tetrhedron stabilized by central interacting C-terminal NC1 trimers. COL8A1 contains one C1q domain and is primarily expressed in the subendothelium of large blood vessels. The expression level can be up-regulated during vascular injury, in atherosclerosis and in diabetes. COL8A1 may have a role in the maintenance of vessel wall integrity and structure, in particular in atherogenesis.

4-1BB, is also known as CD137, is a type 2 transmembrane glycoprotein receptor belonging to the TNF superfamily.CD137 can be expressed by activated T cells, but to a larger extent on CD8 than on CD4 T cells. In addition, CD137 expression is found on dendritic cells, B cells, follicular dendritic cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes and cells of blood vessel walls at sites of inflammation. 4-1BB/CD137/TNFRSF9 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 24-186, hFc & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.7 kDa and the accession number is Q07011.

Binds and activates TIE2 receptor by inducing its tyrosine phosphorylation. Implicated in endothelial developmental processes later and distinct from that of VEGF. Appears to play a crucial role in mediating reciprocal interactions between the endothelium and surrounding matrix and mesenchyme. Mediates blood vessel maturation/stability. It may play an important role in the heart early development. Angiopoietin-1 Protein, Canine, Recombinant (HEK293, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 58.8 kDa and the accession number is Q60FC1.

Growth factor that plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, survival and chemotaxis. Potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin. Plays an important role in wound healing. Has oncogenic potential and can induce tumor formation. Induces macrophage recruitment, increased interstitial pressure, and blood vessel maturation during angiogenesis. Can initiate events that lead to a mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, including influx of monocytes and macrophages and production of extracellular matrix.

Human acyl-coenzyme A binding domain-containing member 6 (ACBD6) is a modular protein that carries an acyl-CoA binding domain at its N terminus and two ankyrin motifs at its C terminus. In mammals, there are six members of the acyl-CoA binding domain-containing (ACBD) family, and their annotation is not uniform. All six ACBD proteins contain an ACB domain at the N terminus, but they do not share significant homology at the C-terminal region. ACBD6 is a 32 kDa protein that is predicted by sequence analysis to carry an ACB domain between residues 42 and 125 and two ANK motifs at its C terminus. This protein binds long-chain acyl-CoAs with a strong preference for unsaturated, C18:1-CoA and C20:4-CoA, over saturated, C16:0-CoA, acyl species. ACBD6 is not a ubiquitous protein, but it is expressed in hematopoietic tissues and appears to be restricted to primitive stem cells present in those tissues with functions in blood and vessel development. ACBD6 was detected in bone marrow, spleen, placenta, cord blood, circulating CD34+ progenitors, and embryonic-like stem cells derived from placenta. In placenta, the protein was only detected in CD34+ progenitor cells present in blood and CD31+ endothelial cells surrounding the blood vessels. These cells were also positive for the marker CD133, and they probably constitute hemangiogenic stem cells, precursors of both blood and vessels. We propose that human ACBD6 represents a cellular marker for primitive progenitor cells with functions in hematopoiesis and vascular endothelium development.

MMP19, also known as RASI-1, is a member of the peptidase M1A family. It contains 4 hemopexin-like domains and is expressed in the mammary gland, placenta, lung, pancreas, ovary, small intestine, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis colon, heart, and blood vessel walls. It is a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Proteins of the MMP family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. MMP19 may play a role in pathological processes participating in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated joint tissue destruction. Autoantigen anti-MMP19 is frequent in RA patients.

Binds and activates TIE2 receptor by inducing its tyrosine phosphorylation. Implicated in endothelial developmental processes later and distinct from that of VEGF. Appears to play a crucial role in mediating reciprocal interactions between the endothelium and surrounding matrix and mesenchyme. Mediates blood vessel maturation/stability. It may play an important role in the heart early development. Angiopoietin-1 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 56.5 kDa and the accession number is O35460.

Coagulation factor VII, also known as Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator, Factor VII, F7 and FVII, is a member of the peptidase S1 family. Factor VII is one of the central proteins in the coagulation cascade. It is an enzyme of the serine protease class, and Factor VII (FVII) deficiency is the most frequent among rare congenital bleeding disorders. Factor VII contains two EGF-like domains, one Gla (gamma-carboxy-glutamate) domain and one peptidase S1 domain. The main role of factor VII is to initiate the process of coagulation in conjunction with tissue factor (TF). Tissue factor is found on the outside of blood vessels, normally not exposed to the blood stream. The action of the Factor VII is impeded by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), which is released almost immediately after initiation of coagulation. Factor VII is vitamin K dependent and is produced in the liver. Upon vessel injury, tissue factor is exposed to the blood and circulating Factor VII. Once bound to TF, FVII is activated to FVIIa by different proteases, among which are thrombin (factor IIa), factor Xa, IXa, XIIa, and the FVIIa-TF complex itself. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is a haemostatic agent, which was originally developed for the treatment of haemophilia patients with inhibitors against factor FVIII or FIX. FVIIa binds specifically to endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), a known cellular receptor for protein C and activated protein C, on the endothelium. rFVIIa is a novel hemostatic agent, originally developed for the treatment of hemorrhage in hemophiliacs with inhibitors, which has been successfully used recently in an increasing number of nonhemophilic bleeding conditions.