defense

Resiniferatoxin ([3H]resiniferatoxin) inhibits the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, and can be used in studies about the modulator of the immune response.

L-Allothreonine (L-allo-Threonine) is an essential amino acid in humans. L-Allothreonine is abundant in human plasma, particularly in newborns. Severe deficiency of threonine causes neurological dysfunction and lameness in experimental animals. L-Allothreonine is an immunostimulant which promotes the growth of thymus gland. L-Allothreonine also can probably promote cell immune defense function. L-Allothreonine is highly concentrated in meat products, cottage cheese, and wheat germ.

1. Linalool (Linalol), a natural compound of the essential oils, has been shown to have antinociceptive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. 2. Linalool was protected against LPS/GalN-induced liver injury through induction of antioxidant defense via Nrf2 activating and reduction inflammatory response via NF-κB inhibition. 3. Linalool biosynthesis and accumulation might be involved in plant defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens and be associated with field resistance to citrus canker. 4. Linalool significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes regulated by Nrf-2 and diminished lung tissue levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6.

cis-​Jasmone is a natural product isolated from the volatile portion of the oil from jasmine flowers,as an insect semiochemical and in plant defense

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a phytohormone and plant growth regulator involved in plant defense and growth and development.Jasmonic acid plays an important role in signaling, inducing the MAP kinase cascade pathway and calcium channels.

Brusatol (NSC-172924) is a natural product isolated from the Brucea javanica plant. It inhibits Nrf2.

Taxifolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside, a flavonoid primarily located in endosperm, functions in defense against pathogens and UV damage.

1. Sauchinone is a useful adjunctive treatment for bacterial infection. 2. Sauchinone, an active lignan found in Saururus chinensis, to regulate the activation of HSCs, to prevent liver fibrosis, and to inhibit oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro. 3. Sa

4-epi-Withaferin A (compound 28), an analogue of Withaferin A, exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity and cytoprotective heat-shock-inducing activity (HSA), showing promise for investigating protein aggregation-associated diseases by stimulating cellular defense mechanisms [1].

Hemocyanin, a substantial copper-bearing respiratory protein, serves as a crucial molecule in non-specific innate immune defense, exhibiting phenoloxidase, antiviral, antibacterial, hemolytic, and antitumor activities [1].

Ganoderic acid T1, a deacetylated derivative of Ganoderic acid T, diminishes mitochondrial membrane potential and triggers cell apoptosis by activating caspase-9 and caspase-3, thus impairing the antioxidant defense system of cancer cells. Additionally, it elevates intracellular ROS levels, yielding pro-oxidant activities and cytotoxicity [1].

Dammarenediol II may have the ability to prevent diabetic microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy, it can inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and stress fiber forma

1. Farrerol has antioxidative activity.2. Farrerol modulates TAP and BNBD5 gene expression in mammary gland, enhances bMEC defense against S. aureus infection and could be useful in protection against bovine mastitis. 3. Farrerol inactivates KEAP-1 or act

Bile acids are essential for solubilization and transport of dietary lipids, are the major products of cholesterol catabolism, and are physiological ligands for farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in lipid metabolism.1They are also inherently cytotoxic, as physiological imbalance contributes to increased oxidative stress.2,3Bile acid-controlled signaling pathways are promising novel targets to treat such metabolic diseases as obesity, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.Guggulsterone, derived from resin of the guggul tree, is a competitive antagonist of FXR bothin vitroandin vivo.4Thecisstereoisomer of guggulsterone, (E)-guggulsterone, decreases chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced FXR activation with an IC50value of 15 μM.5,6By inhibiting CDCA-induced transactivation of FXR, guggulsterone lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rodents fed a high cholesterol diet.4 1.Makishima, M., Okamoto, A.Y., Repa, J.J., et al.Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acidsScience2841362-1365(1999) 2.Barbier, O., Torra, I.P., Sirvent, A., et al.FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: A potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activityGastroenterology1241926-1940(2003) 3.Tan, K.P., Yang, M., and Ito, S.Activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-2 like) factor 2 by toxic bile acids provokes adaptive defense responses to enhance cell survival at the emergence of oxidative stressMol. Pharmacol.72(5)1380-1390(2007) 4.Urizar, N.L., Liverman, A.B., Dodds, D.T., et al.A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an anatagonist ligand for FXRScience296(5573)1703-1706(2002) 5.Cui, J., Huang, L., Zhao, A., et al.Guggulsterone is a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in coactivator association assays but acts to enhance transcription of bile salt export pumpThe Journal of Biological Chemisty278(12)10214-10220(2003) 6.Wu, J., Xia, C., Meier, J., et al.The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptorMolecular Endocrinology16(7)1590-1597(2002)

Alpha-Solamarine (Solamarine) is a glycoside alkaloid isolated from Solanum nigrum.Alpha-Solamarine is inhibitory to Globodera pallid and may be used for plant defense.

Magainin 2, a cationic peptide derived from the African clawed frog (X. laevis) skin, exhibits host defense and antimicrobial properties. This compound effectively inhibits a range of pathogens, including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, S. aureus bacteria, and C. albicans fungus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5, 10, 10, 50, and 80 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, at a concentration of 20 µM, Magainin 2 significantly reduces the germination and tube elongation in kiwi fruit pollen. It also curtails viral replication in Vero cells infected by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or HSV-2, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 22.16 and 19.8 µM, respectively, while demonstrating low toxicity to these cells, shown by a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) greater than 100 µM.

Juvabione is the methyl ester of todomatuic acid, both of which are sesquiterpenes (C15) found in the wood of true firs of the genus Abies. They exist as part of a mixture of sesquiterpenes based on the bisabolane scaffold. Sesquiterpenes of this family,

(±)9-HpODE is a racemic mixture of the fatty acid hydroperoxide product (9(S)-HpODE) formed from lipoxygenase action on linoleic acid. It shows antimicrobial activity against various fungal and bacterial pathogens and thus may play a role in plant defense. In mammalian species, monocyte-induced oxidization of LDL generates significant amounts of esterified 9-HpODE, which is rapidly reduced to 9-HODE.

Lumisterol (9β,10α-Ergosterol), the (9β,10α)-stereoisomer of Ergosterol, is a steroid compound that acts as a photoprotective agent against UVB-induced DNA damage and demonstrates anti-proliferative activities[1].

β-Tomatine, a derivative of α-tomatine, is a fungitoxic compound that efficiently inhibits plant defense responses.

Cryptopine in vivo disturbs the cellular defense system, so that it tips in the direction of autoxidative lipid peroxidation, producing cytotoxicity.